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Urinary fluoride levels and metal co-exposures among pregnant women in Los Angeles, California

BACKGROUND: Fluoride is ubiquitous in the United States (US); however, data on biomarkers and patterns of fluoride exposure among US pregnant women are scarce. We examined specific gravity adjusted maternal urinary fluoride (MUFsg) in relation to sociodemographic variables and metal co-exposures amo...

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Autores principales: Malin, Ashley J., Hu, Howard, Martínez-Mier, E. Angeles, Eckel, Sandrah P., Farzan, Shohreh F., Howe, Caitlin G., Funk, William, Meeker, John D., Habre, Rima, Bastain, Theresa M., Breton, Carrie V.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10601173/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37880740
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-023-01026-2
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author Malin, Ashley J.
Hu, Howard
Martínez-Mier, E. Angeles
Eckel, Sandrah P.
Farzan, Shohreh F.
Howe, Caitlin G.
Funk, William
Meeker, John D.
Habre, Rima
Bastain, Theresa M.
Breton, Carrie V.
author_facet Malin, Ashley J.
Hu, Howard
Martínez-Mier, E. Angeles
Eckel, Sandrah P.
Farzan, Shohreh F.
Howe, Caitlin G.
Funk, William
Meeker, John D.
Habre, Rima
Bastain, Theresa M.
Breton, Carrie V.
author_sort Malin, Ashley J.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Fluoride is ubiquitous in the United States (US); however, data on biomarkers and patterns of fluoride exposure among US pregnant women are scarce. We examined specific gravity adjusted maternal urinary fluoride (MUFsg) in relation to sociodemographic variables and metal co-exposures among pregnant women in Los Angeles, California. METHODS: Participants were from the Maternal and Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors (MADRES) cohort. There were 293 and 490 women with MUFsg measured during first and third trimesters, respectively. An intra-class correlation coefficient examined consistency of MUFsg between trimesters. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests examined associations of MUFsg with sociodemographic variables. Covariate adjusted linear regression examined associations of MUFsg with blood metals and specific gravity adjusted urine metals among a subsample of participants within and between trimesters. A False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction accounted for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Median (IQR) MUFsg was 0.65 (0.5) mg/L and 0.8 (0.59) mg/L, during trimesters one and three respectively. During both trimesters, MUFsg was higher among older participants, those with higher income, and White, non-Hispanic participants than Hispanic participants. MUFsg was also higher for White, non-Hispanic participants than for Black, non-Hispanic participants in trimester three, and for those with graduate training in trimester one. MUFsg was negatively associated with blood mercury in trimester one and positively associated with blood lead in trimester three. MUFsg was positively associated with various urinary metals, including antimony, barium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, nickel, tin, and zinc in trimesters one and/or three. CONCLUSIONS: MUFsg levels observed were comparable to those found in pregnant women in Mexico and Canada that have been associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes. Lower urinary fluoride levels among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black participants in MADRES compared to non-Hispanic White participants may reflect lower tap water consumption or lower fluoride exposure from other sources. Additional research is needed to examine whether MUFsg levels observed among pregnant women in the US are associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12940-023-01026-2.
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spelling pubmed-106011732023-10-27 Urinary fluoride levels and metal co-exposures among pregnant women in Los Angeles, California Malin, Ashley J. Hu, Howard Martínez-Mier, E. Angeles Eckel, Sandrah P. Farzan, Shohreh F. Howe, Caitlin G. Funk, William Meeker, John D. Habre, Rima Bastain, Theresa M. Breton, Carrie V. Environ Health Research BACKGROUND: Fluoride is ubiquitous in the United States (US); however, data on biomarkers and patterns of fluoride exposure among US pregnant women are scarce. We examined specific gravity adjusted maternal urinary fluoride (MUFsg) in relation to sociodemographic variables and metal co-exposures among pregnant women in Los Angeles, California. METHODS: Participants were from the Maternal and Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors (MADRES) cohort. There were 293 and 490 women with MUFsg measured during first and third trimesters, respectively. An intra-class correlation coefficient examined consistency of MUFsg between trimesters. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests examined associations of MUFsg with sociodemographic variables. Covariate adjusted linear regression examined associations of MUFsg with blood metals and specific gravity adjusted urine metals among a subsample of participants within and between trimesters. A False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction accounted for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Median (IQR) MUFsg was 0.65 (0.5) mg/L and 0.8 (0.59) mg/L, during trimesters one and three respectively. During both trimesters, MUFsg was higher among older participants, those with higher income, and White, non-Hispanic participants than Hispanic participants. MUFsg was also higher for White, non-Hispanic participants than for Black, non-Hispanic participants in trimester three, and for those with graduate training in trimester one. MUFsg was negatively associated with blood mercury in trimester one and positively associated with blood lead in trimester three. MUFsg was positively associated with various urinary metals, including antimony, barium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, nickel, tin, and zinc in trimesters one and/or three. CONCLUSIONS: MUFsg levels observed were comparable to those found in pregnant women in Mexico and Canada that have been associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes. Lower urinary fluoride levels among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black participants in MADRES compared to non-Hispanic White participants may reflect lower tap water consumption or lower fluoride exposure from other sources. Additional research is needed to examine whether MUFsg levels observed among pregnant women in the US are associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12940-023-01026-2. BioMed Central 2023-10-26 /pmc/articles/PMC10601173/ /pubmed/37880740 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-023-01026-2 Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research
Malin, Ashley J.
Hu, Howard
Martínez-Mier, E. Angeles
Eckel, Sandrah P.
Farzan, Shohreh F.
Howe, Caitlin G.
Funk, William
Meeker, John D.
Habre, Rima
Bastain, Theresa M.
Breton, Carrie V.
Urinary fluoride levels and metal co-exposures among pregnant women in Los Angeles, California
title Urinary fluoride levels and metal co-exposures among pregnant women in Los Angeles, California
title_full Urinary fluoride levels and metal co-exposures among pregnant women in Los Angeles, California
title_fullStr Urinary fluoride levels and metal co-exposures among pregnant women in Los Angeles, California
title_full_unstemmed Urinary fluoride levels and metal co-exposures among pregnant women in Los Angeles, California
title_short Urinary fluoride levels and metal co-exposures among pregnant women in Los Angeles, California
title_sort urinary fluoride levels and metal co-exposures among pregnant women in los angeles, california
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10601173/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37880740
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-023-01026-2
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