Alginate–gelatin hydrogel supplemented with platelet concentrates can be used as bioinks for scaffold printing

BACKGROUND: Owing to the growing global demand for organ replacement and tissue regeneration, three-dimensional (3D) printing is widely recognized as an essential technology in tissue engineering. Biomaterials become a potential source of raw materials for printing ink by containing factors that promote tissue regeneration. Platelet concentrates are autologous biological products that are capable of doing that. OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to create bioinks capable of providing biological signals by combining gelatin–alginate with platelet concentrates. METHODS: This study combined platelet concentrates, including platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), with gelatin and alginate to create bioinks. Bioink properties, including gelatinization and pH, were assessed before printing. After that, the scaffolds were done, and the growth factor (GF) release and cytotoxicity from these scaffolds were performed. RESULTS: Results showed that all the three bioinks, including alginate–gelatin (AG), alginate–gelatin-PRP (AGP), and alginate–gelatin-PRF (AGF) were gelatinized right at the end of bioink fabrication and had a pH around 7. The scaffolds from bioinks supplemented with platelet concentrates secreted GFs that remained for 12 d, and the extracts from them were not cytotoxic for the L929 cell line. CONCLUSION: In summary, bioinks were made by combining AG with platelet concentrates and had properties suitable for creating scaffolds with cell-oriented grafts in the development of artificial tissues and organs.