Harnessing Genomics and Transcriptomics Approaches to Improve Female Fertility in Beef Cattle—A Review

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Cow–calf production is the foundation of the U.S. beef industry. However, infertility and sub-fertility limit its sustainability. In this review, we discuss the progress made as a result of the implementation of genomics and transcriptomics technologies to understand the genetic basis underlying fertility-related traits in cattle. We highlight the opportunities and limitations of using such technologies to discover genes and regulatory mechanisms and discuss the importance of translating research findings from bench to on-farm applications. ABSTRACT: Female fertility is the foundation of the cow–calf industry, impacting both efficiency and profitability. Reproductive failure is the primary reason why beef cows are sold in the U.S. and the cause of an estimated annual gross loss of USD 2.8 billion. In this review, we discuss the status of the genomics, transcriptomics, and systems genomics approaches currently applied to female fertility and the tools available to cow–calf producers to maximize genetic progress. We highlight the opportunities and limitations associated with using genomic and transcriptomic approaches to discover genes and regulatory mechanisms related to beef fertility. Considering the complex nature of fertility, significant advances in precision breeding will rely on holistic, multidisciplinary approaches to further advance our ability to understand, predict, and improve reproductive performance. While these technologies have advanced our knowledge, the next step is to translate research findings from bench to on-farm applications.