Capture Response and Long-Term Fate of White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) after Release from SMART Drumlines

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Conflicts between humans and sharks have often been dealt with by catching and killing sharks. However, there is now a growing demand for methods that protect water users from shark bites while minimizing harm to all species. Shark-Management-Alert-in-Real-Time (SMART) drumlines, a new non-lethal shark mitigation method, alert responders when an animal takes the bait, giving them the opportunity to quickly respond. In a study conducted in New South Wales, Australia, 36 White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) were caught using SMART drumlines and tagged with satellite-linked radio transmitters (SLRTs) and acoustic tags before being released to examine the short-term post-release movements and longer-term fate of White Sharks after capture, tagging, and release. During the first three days after release, the sharks moved away from the shore and stayed mostly offshore. Although sharks gradually moved closer to the shore 10 days after release, 77% of the sharks remained more than 1.9 km away from the coast and an average of 5 km away from where they were tagged. The sharks were acoustically detected for an average of 591 days after release, with detections ranging from 45 to 1075 days, highlighting longer-term survival. Although five out of the 36 sharks were not detected by the acoustic receivers, the SLRTs indicated that these sharks were alive and well, with detections ranging from 43 to 639 days after release. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of SMART drumlines as a non-lethal method to mitigate bites by White Sharks. ABSTRACT: Human-shark conflict has been managed through catch-and-kill policies in most parts of the world. More recently, there has been a greater demand for shark bite mitigation measures to improve protection for water users whilst minimizing harm to non-target and target species, particularly White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias), given their status as a Threatened, Endangered, or Protected (TEP) species. A new non-lethal shark bite mitigation method, known as the Shark-Management-Alert-in-Real-Time (SMART) drumline, alerts responders when an animal takes the bait and thereby provides an opportunity for rapid response to the catch and potentially to relocate, tag, and release sharks. Thirty-six White Sharks were caught on SMART drumlines in New South Wales, Australia, and tagged with dorsal fin-mounted satellite-linked radio transmitters (SLRTs) and acoustic tags before release. Thirty-one sharks were located within 10 days, 22 of which provided high-quality locations (classes 1 to 3) suitable for analysis. Twenty-seven percent and 59% of these sharks were first detected within 10 and 50 h of release, respectively. For the first three days post-release, sharks moved and mostly remained offshore (>3.5 km from the coast), irrespective of shark sex and length. Thereafter, tagged sharks progressively moved inshore; however, 77% remained more than 1.9 km off the coast and an average of 5 km away from the tagging location, 10 days post-release. Sharks were acoustically detected for an average of 591 days post-release (ranging from 45 to 1075 days). Although five of the 36 sharks were not detected on acoustic receivers, SLRT detections for these five sharks ranged between 43 and 639 days post-release, indicating zero mortality associated with capture. These results highlight the suitability of SMART drumlines as a potential non-lethal shark bite mitigation tool for TEP species such as White Sharks, as they initially move away from the capture site, and thereby this bather protection tool diminishes the immediate risk of shark interactions at that site.