Clinical Use and Treatment Mechanism of Molecular Hydrogen in the Treatment of Various Kidney Diseases including Diabetic Kidney Disease

As diabetes rates surge globally, there is a corresponding rise in the number of patients suffering from diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a common complication of diabetes. DKD is a significant contributor to chronic kidney disease, often leading to end-stage renal failure. However, the effectiveness of current medical treatments for DKD leaves much to be desired. Molecular hydrogen (H(2)) is an antioxidant that selectively reduces hydroxyl radicals, a reactive oxygen species with a very potent oxidative capacity. Recent studies have demonstrated that H(2) not only possesses antioxidant properties but also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, regulates cell lethality, and modulates signal transduction. Consequently, it is now being utilized in clinical applications. Many factors contribute to the onset and progression of DKD, with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation being strongly implicated. Recent preclinical and clinical trials reported that substances with antioxidant properties may slow the progression of DKD. Hence, we undertook a comprehensive review of the literature focusing on animal models and human clinical trials where H(2) demonstrated effectiveness against a variety of renal diseases. The collective evidence from this literature review, along with our previous findings, suggests that H(2) may have therapeutic benefits for patients with DKD by enhancing mitochondrial function. To substantiate these findings, future large-scale clinical studies are needed.