Cargando…
Artificial Vision: The High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation of the Blind Mouse Retina Decay Spike Generation and Electrogenically Clamped Intracellular Ca(2+) at Elevated Levels
Background: The electrical stimulation (stim) of retinal neurons enables blind patients to experience limited artificial vision. A rapid response outage of the stimulated ganglion cells (GCs) allows for a low visual sensation rate. Hence, to elucidate the underlying mechanism, we investigated differ...
Autores principales: | , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10604554/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37892938 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10101208 |
_version_ | 1785126862511407104 |
---|---|
author | Peiroten, Lucia Zrenner, Eberhart Haq, Wadood |
author_facet | Peiroten, Lucia Zrenner, Eberhart Haq, Wadood |
author_sort | Peiroten, Lucia |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: The electrical stimulation (stim) of retinal neurons enables blind patients to experience limited artificial vision. A rapid response outage of the stimulated ganglion cells (GCs) allows for a low visual sensation rate. Hence, to elucidate the underlying mechanism, we investigated different stim parameters and the role of the neuromodulator calcium (Ca(2+)). Methods: Subretinal stim was applied on retinal explants (blind rd1 mouse) using multielectrode arrays (MEAs) or single metal electrodes, and the GC activity was recorded using Ca(2+) imaging or MEA, respectively. Stim parameters, including voltage, phase polarity, and frequency, were investigated using specific blockers. Results: At lower stim frequencies (<5 Hz), GCs responded synaptically according to the stim pulses (stim: biphasic, cathodic-first, −1.6/+1.5 V). In contrast, higher stim frequencies (≥5 Hz) also activated GCs directly and induced a rapid GC spike response outage (<500 ms, MEA recordings), while in Ca(2+) imaging at the same frequencies, increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels were observed. Conclusions: Our study elucidated the mechanisms involved in stim-dependent GC spike response outage: sustained high-frequency stim-induced spike outage, accompanied by electrogenically clamped intracellular Ca(2+) levels at elevated levels. These findings will guide future studies optimizing stim paradigms for electrical implant applications for interfacing neurons. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10604554 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-106045542023-10-28 Artificial Vision: The High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation of the Blind Mouse Retina Decay Spike Generation and Electrogenically Clamped Intracellular Ca(2+) at Elevated Levels Peiroten, Lucia Zrenner, Eberhart Haq, Wadood Bioengineering (Basel) Article Background: The electrical stimulation (stim) of retinal neurons enables blind patients to experience limited artificial vision. A rapid response outage of the stimulated ganglion cells (GCs) allows for a low visual sensation rate. Hence, to elucidate the underlying mechanism, we investigated different stim parameters and the role of the neuromodulator calcium (Ca(2+)). Methods: Subretinal stim was applied on retinal explants (blind rd1 mouse) using multielectrode arrays (MEAs) or single metal electrodes, and the GC activity was recorded using Ca(2+) imaging or MEA, respectively. Stim parameters, including voltage, phase polarity, and frequency, were investigated using specific blockers. Results: At lower stim frequencies (<5 Hz), GCs responded synaptically according to the stim pulses (stim: biphasic, cathodic-first, −1.6/+1.5 V). In contrast, higher stim frequencies (≥5 Hz) also activated GCs directly and induced a rapid GC spike response outage (<500 ms, MEA recordings), while in Ca(2+) imaging at the same frequencies, increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels were observed. Conclusions: Our study elucidated the mechanisms involved in stim-dependent GC spike response outage: sustained high-frequency stim-induced spike outage, accompanied by electrogenically clamped intracellular Ca(2+) levels at elevated levels. These findings will guide future studies optimizing stim paradigms for electrical implant applications for interfacing neurons. MDPI 2023-10-16 /pmc/articles/PMC10604554/ /pubmed/37892938 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10101208 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Peiroten, Lucia Zrenner, Eberhart Haq, Wadood Artificial Vision: The High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation of the Blind Mouse Retina Decay Spike Generation and Electrogenically Clamped Intracellular Ca(2+) at Elevated Levels |
title | Artificial Vision: The High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation of the Blind Mouse Retina Decay Spike Generation and Electrogenically Clamped Intracellular Ca(2+) at Elevated Levels |
title_full | Artificial Vision: The High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation of the Blind Mouse Retina Decay Spike Generation and Electrogenically Clamped Intracellular Ca(2+) at Elevated Levels |
title_fullStr | Artificial Vision: The High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation of the Blind Mouse Retina Decay Spike Generation and Electrogenically Clamped Intracellular Ca(2+) at Elevated Levels |
title_full_unstemmed | Artificial Vision: The High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation of the Blind Mouse Retina Decay Spike Generation and Electrogenically Clamped Intracellular Ca(2+) at Elevated Levels |
title_short | Artificial Vision: The High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation of the Blind Mouse Retina Decay Spike Generation and Electrogenically Clamped Intracellular Ca(2+) at Elevated Levels |
title_sort | artificial vision: the high-frequency electrical stimulation of the blind mouse retina decay spike generation and electrogenically clamped intracellular ca(2+) at elevated levels |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10604554/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37892938 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10101208 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT peirotenlucia artificialvisionthehighfrequencyelectricalstimulationoftheblindmouseretinadecayspikegenerationandelectrogenicallyclampedintracellularca2atelevatedlevels AT zrennereberhart artificialvisionthehighfrequencyelectricalstimulationoftheblindmouseretinadecayspikegenerationandelectrogenicallyclampedintracellularca2atelevatedlevels AT haqwadood artificialvisionthehighfrequencyelectricalstimulationoftheblindmouseretinadecayspikegenerationandelectrogenicallyclampedintracellularca2atelevatedlevels |