The Influence of the Microbiome on Urological Malignancies: A Systematic Review

SIMPLE SUMMARY: The human microbiome has become an increasingly important area of study in recent years, with growing evidence suggesting that it plays a critical role in numerous diseases, including those affecting the urinary tract. However, the specific role of the microbiome in malignant urologic diseases remains largely unknown. Our study aimed to synthesize current evidence regarding the relationship between the microbiome and these urologic conditions, such as prostate, bladder, kidney, penile, and testicular cancer. Our systematic review of 37 studies provides an up-to-date overview of the microbiome’s role in urologic health concerns. Using the present study as a guide, future studies have potential for microbiome-focused interventions to offer hope for presently unexplained medical conditions. ABSTRACT: The microbiome, once considered peripheral, is emerging as a relevant player in the intricate web of factors contributing to cancer development and progression. These often overlooked microorganisms, in the context of urological malignancies, have been investigated primarily focusing on the gut microbiome, while exploration of urogenital microorganisms remains limited. Considering this, our systematic review delves into the complex role of these understudied actors in various neoplastic conditions, including prostate, bladder, kidney, penile, and testicular cancers. Our analysis found a total of 37 studies (prostate cancer 12, bladder cancer 20, kidney cancer 4, penile/testicular cancer 1), revealing distinct associations specific to each condition and hinting at potential therapeutic avenues and future biomarker discoveries. It becomes evident that further research is imperative to unravel the complexities of this domain and provide a more comprehensive understanding.