Role of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Reprogramming of Brain Cancer

SIMPLE SUMMARY: According to Globocan 2020 data, approximately 308,102 new cases of brain cancer and central nervous system (CNS) cancers were reported worldwide, with 251,329 reported deaths. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) alter various signaling pathways to regulate cell stability. In this review, we will discuss the altered metabolism in brain cancer and emphasize the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and the tumor microenvironment in controlling metabolic shifts in brain cancer. We will also highlight potential therapies for targeting ROS, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, and addressing gliomal stem-like cells. ABSTRACT: Brain cancer is known as one of the deadliest cancers globally. One of the causative factors is the imbalance between oxidative and antioxidant activities in the body, which is referred to as oxidative stress (OS). As part of regular metabolism, oxygen is reduced by electrons, resulting in the creation of numerous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inflammation is intricately associated with the generation of OS, leading to the increased production and accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Glioma stands out as one of the most common malignant tumors affecting the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by changes in the redox balance. Brain cancer cells exhibit inherent resistance to most conventional treatments, primarily due to the distinctive tumor microenvironment. Oxidative stress (OS) plays a crucial role in the development of various brain-related malignancies, such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and medulloblastoma, where OS significantly disrupts the normal homeostasis of the brain. In this review, we provide in-depth descriptions of prospective targets and therapeutics, along with an assessment of OS and its impact on brain cancer metabolism. We also discuss targeted therapies.