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Neurofluids and the glymphatic system: anatomy, physiology, and imaging

First described in 2012, the glymphatic system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system, including nutrient delivery, waste clearance, and consistency of the ionic microenvironment. It is comprised of glial cells and barrier systems that modulate neurofluid produc...

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Autores principales: Wang, Danny JJ, Hua, Jun, Cao, Di, Ho, Mai-Lan
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: The British Institute of Radiology. 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10607419/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37191063
http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20230016
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author Wang, Danny JJ
Hua, Jun
Cao, Di
Ho, Mai-Lan
author_facet Wang, Danny JJ
Hua, Jun
Cao, Di
Ho, Mai-Lan
author_sort Wang, Danny JJ
collection PubMed
description First described in 2012, the glymphatic system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system, including nutrient delivery, waste clearance, and consistency of the ionic microenvironment. It is comprised of glial cells and barrier systems that modulate neurofluid production, circulation, and exchange. Experimental interrogation of neurofluid dynamics is restricted to ex vivo and in vitro studies in animals and humans, therefore diagnostic imaging plays an important role in minimally invasive evaluation. This review article will synthesize current knowledge and theories regarding neurofluid circulation and implications for neuroimaging. First, we will discuss the anatomy of the neurogliovascular unit, including paravascular and perivascular pathways of fluid exchange. In addition, we will summarize the structure and function of barrier systems including the blood–brain, blood–cerebrospinal fluid, and brain–cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Next, we will mention physiologic factors that yield normal variations in neurofluid circulation, and how various disease pathologies can disrupt glymphatic drainage pathways. Lastly, we will cover the spectrum of diagnostic imaging and interventional techniques with relevance to glymphatic structure, flow, and function. We conclude by highlighting current barriers and future directions for translational imaging and applications to neurologic disorders.
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spelling pubmed-106074192023-10-28 Neurofluids and the glymphatic system: anatomy, physiology, and imaging Wang, Danny JJ Hua, Jun Cao, Di Ho, Mai-Lan Br J Radiol Review Article First described in 2012, the glymphatic system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system, including nutrient delivery, waste clearance, and consistency of the ionic microenvironment. It is comprised of glial cells and barrier systems that modulate neurofluid production, circulation, and exchange. Experimental interrogation of neurofluid dynamics is restricted to ex vivo and in vitro studies in animals and humans, therefore diagnostic imaging plays an important role in minimally invasive evaluation. This review article will synthesize current knowledge and theories regarding neurofluid circulation and implications for neuroimaging. First, we will discuss the anatomy of the neurogliovascular unit, including paravascular and perivascular pathways of fluid exchange. In addition, we will summarize the structure and function of barrier systems including the blood–brain, blood–cerebrospinal fluid, and brain–cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Next, we will mention physiologic factors that yield normal variations in neurofluid circulation, and how various disease pathologies can disrupt glymphatic drainage pathways. Lastly, we will cover the spectrum of diagnostic imaging and interventional techniques with relevance to glymphatic structure, flow, and function. We conclude by highlighting current barriers and future directions for translational imaging and applications to neurologic disorders. The British Institute of Radiology. 2023-11 2023-06-01 /pmc/articles/PMC10607419/ /pubmed/37191063 http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20230016 Text en © 2023 The Authors. Published by the British Institute of Radiology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Review Article
Wang, Danny JJ
Hua, Jun
Cao, Di
Ho, Mai-Lan
Neurofluids and the glymphatic system: anatomy, physiology, and imaging
title Neurofluids and the glymphatic system: anatomy, physiology, and imaging
title_full Neurofluids and the glymphatic system: anatomy, physiology, and imaging
title_fullStr Neurofluids and the glymphatic system: anatomy, physiology, and imaging
title_full_unstemmed Neurofluids and the glymphatic system: anatomy, physiology, and imaging
title_short Neurofluids and the glymphatic system: anatomy, physiology, and imaging
title_sort neurofluids and the glymphatic system: anatomy, physiology, and imaging
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10607419/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37191063
http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20230016
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