Therapeutic and Preventive Interventions in Adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder: Recent Findings, Current Challenges, and Future Directions

Background: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has long suffered from overshadowing in adolescents and hopelessness from the psychiatrists themselves. Comprehensive guidelines for this age group are lacking. Aims: This narrative review aims to describe current recommendations for BPD and recent empirical evidence on effective treatments (both pharmacological and non-pharmacological) and preventive approaches. Innovative approaches, based on recent and original research on BPD adolescents, are also discussed. Results: Very low-certainty evidence has supported that medication has a positive effect on core BPD symptoms in adolescents. Medication prescribed for suicidal crises or associated disorders should be included in a global therapeutic plan, including efficacy reassessment, treatment duration, and a security plan. The overall benefit of structured psychotherapy for adolescents with BPD (cognitive behavioral therapy, mentalization-based therapy, dialectic behavioral therapy, and group therapy) is more important for self-harm behaviors than other BPD symptoms. Their specific efficacy, although difficult to distinguish from the overall non-specific effect of integrative care. Conclusions: structured care of young BPD individuals should be based on the following principles: (1) setting the frame of care, including recognition of the diagnosis, and sharing information with patients and families about symptoms, prognosis, and putative psychological mechanisms involved; and (2) promoting comprehensive approaches, including both specific and non specific therapy, ecological interventions, community care, and preventive interventions in at-risk groups.