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Groups of Symmetries of the Two Classes of Synthetases in the Four-Dimensional Hypercubes of the Extended Code Type II
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) originated from an ancestral bidirectional gene (mirror symmetry), and through the evolution of the genetic code, the twenty aaRSs exhibit a symmetrical distribution in a 6-dimensional hypercube of the Standard Genetic Code. In this work, we assume a primeval RNY c...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10607949/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37895385 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13102002 |
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author | José, Marco V. Morgado, Eberto R. Bobadilla, Juan R. |
author_facet | José, Marco V. Morgado, Eberto R. Bobadilla, Juan R. |
author_sort | José, Marco V. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) originated from an ancestral bidirectional gene (mirror symmetry), and through the evolution of the genetic code, the twenty aaRSs exhibit a symmetrical distribution in a 6-dimensional hypercube of the Standard Genetic Code. In this work, we assume a primeval RNY code and the Extended Genetic RNA code type II, which includes codons of the types YNY, YNR, and RNR. Each of the four subsets of codons can be represented in a 4-dimensional hypercube. Altogether, these 4 subcodes constitute the 6-dimensional representation of the SGC. We identify the aaRSs symmetry groups in each of these hypercubes. We show that each of the four hypercubes contains the following sets of symmetries for the two known Classes of synthetases: RNY: dihedral group of order 4; YNY: binary group; YNR: amplified octahedral group; and RNR: binary group. We demonstrate that for each hypercube, the group of symmetries in Class 1 is the same as the group of symmetries in Class 2. The biological implications of these findings are discussed. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10607949 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-106079492023-10-28 Groups of Symmetries of the Two Classes of Synthetases in the Four-Dimensional Hypercubes of the Extended Code Type II José, Marco V. Morgado, Eberto R. Bobadilla, Juan R. Life (Basel) Article Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) originated from an ancestral bidirectional gene (mirror symmetry), and through the evolution of the genetic code, the twenty aaRSs exhibit a symmetrical distribution in a 6-dimensional hypercube of the Standard Genetic Code. In this work, we assume a primeval RNY code and the Extended Genetic RNA code type II, which includes codons of the types YNY, YNR, and RNR. Each of the four subsets of codons can be represented in a 4-dimensional hypercube. Altogether, these 4 subcodes constitute the 6-dimensional representation of the SGC. We identify the aaRSs symmetry groups in each of these hypercubes. We show that each of the four hypercubes contains the following sets of symmetries for the two known Classes of synthetases: RNY: dihedral group of order 4; YNY: binary group; YNR: amplified octahedral group; and RNR: binary group. We demonstrate that for each hypercube, the group of symmetries in Class 1 is the same as the group of symmetries in Class 2. The biological implications of these findings are discussed. MDPI 2023-09-30 /pmc/articles/PMC10607949/ /pubmed/37895385 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13102002 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article José, Marco V. Morgado, Eberto R. Bobadilla, Juan R. Groups of Symmetries of the Two Classes of Synthetases in the Four-Dimensional Hypercubes of the Extended Code Type II |
title | Groups of Symmetries of the Two Classes of Synthetases in the Four-Dimensional Hypercubes of the Extended Code Type II |
title_full | Groups of Symmetries of the Two Classes of Synthetases in the Four-Dimensional Hypercubes of the Extended Code Type II |
title_fullStr | Groups of Symmetries of the Two Classes of Synthetases in the Four-Dimensional Hypercubes of the Extended Code Type II |
title_full_unstemmed | Groups of Symmetries of the Two Classes of Synthetases in the Four-Dimensional Hypercubes of the Extended Code Type II |
title_short | Groups of Symmetries of the Two Classes of Synthetases in the Four-Dimensional Hypercubes of the Extended Code Type II |
title_sort | groups of symmetries of the two classes of synthetases in the four-dimensional hypercubes of the extended code type ii |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10607949/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37895385 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13102002 |
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