Review and Analysis of Heat Transfer in Spacer-Filled Channels of Membrane Distillation Systems

Membrane distillation (MD) is an attractive process for the concentration of seawater brines. Modelling and simulation of membrane distillation processes requires a better knowledge of the heat transfer coefficients in spacer-filled channels which are usually determined by applying empirical correlations for the Nusselt number. In this study, first, a comprehensive literature review on heat transfer correlations was conducted. It was found that the empirical correlations often used for MD simulation result in strongly varying Nusselt numbers that differ by up to an order of magnitude at low Reynolds numbers. Then, heat transfer in spacer-filled channels was investigated experimentally in a membrane distillation system using an aluminum plate instead of a flat-sheet membrane. Numerous tests were carried out with sodium chloride solutions in a wide range of salinities, between 1 g/kg and 95 g/kg, and temperatures, between 30 °C and 80 °C, yielding high heat transfer coefficients in a range of 1500 to 8300 W/(m(2)K) at relatively low Reynolds numbers, between 100 and 1500, clearly showing the influence of the spacers on heat transfer. A new empirical Nusselt correlation ([Formula: see text]) was derived which represents the experimental data with a deviation of 10% and is valid for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to analyze the variations of the fluid properties across the boundary layer due to temperature differences. The simulations showed only minor deviations of the heat transfer coefficients in the hot and cold fluid channels for small driving temperature differences.