Altered Expression of Vitamin D Metabolism Genes and Circulating MicroRNAs in PBMCs of Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: Their Association with Vitamin D Status and Ongoing Islet Autoimmunity

Background: The immunomodulatory role of 1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is exerted through its interaction with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) present on pancreatic and immune cells. While a deficiency in vitamin D has been linked to Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), the exact molecular mechanism driving this down-regulation in T1DM is yet to be fully understood. This study aimed to decipher differences in the expression of genes associated with vitamin D metabolism in T1DM patients and to ascertain if there is a correlation between serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels and the expression of these genes. We also sought to understand the influence of specific microRNAs (miRNAs) on the expression of vitamin D metabolism genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of T1DM patients. Furthermore, the study delved into the potential implications of altered vitamin D metabolism genes and miRNAs on autoimmune processes. Methods: Utilizing real-time PCR, we assessed the expression profiles of genes encoding for 1-hydroxylases (CYP27B1) and 24-hydroxylases (CYP24A1), as well as related miRNAs, in PBMCs from 30 T1DM patients and 23 healthy controls. ELISA tests facilitated the measurement of 1,25(OH)2D3, GAD65, and IA-2 levels. Results: Our findings showcased downregulated CYP27B1 mRNA levels, while CYP24A1 expression remained stable compared to healthy subjects (CYP27B1, p = 0.0005; CYP24A1, p = 0.205, respectively). In T1DM patients, the levels of has-miR-216b-5p were found to be increased, while the levels of has-miR-21-5p were decreased in comparison to the control group. Notably, no correlation was identified between the expression of CYP27B1 in T1DM patients and the levels of has-miR-216b-5p, has-miR-21-5p, and 1,25(OH)2D3. A significant negative correlation was identified between CYP27B1 mRNA levels in PBMCs of T1DM and IA2, but not with GAD65. Conclusions: The study highlights there were reduced levels of both CYP27B1 mRNA and has-miR-21-5p, along with elevated levels of has-miR-216b-5p in the PBMCs of T1DM. However, the absence of a correlation between the expression of CYP27B1, levels of has-miR-216b-5p, and the status of 1,25(OH)2D3 suggests the possible existence of other regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, the inverse relationship between IA2 autoantibodies and CYP27B1 expression in T1DM patients indicates a potential connection between this gene and the autoimmune processes inherent in T1DM.