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Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review

The World Health Organization recommended reducing one’s salt intake below 5 g/day to prevent disability and death from cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. This review aimed to identify salt estimation at the population level in South Asian countries, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, I...

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Autores principales: Afroza, Ummay, Abrar, Ahmad Khairul, Nowar, Abira, Akhtar, Jubaida, Mamun, Mohammad Abdullah Al, Sobhan, Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubus, Cobb, Laura, Ide, Nicole, Choudhury, Sohel Reza
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10609745/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37892433
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15204358
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author Afroza, Ummay
Abrar, Ahmad Khairul
Nowar, Abira
Akhtar, Jubaida
Mamun, Mohammad Abdullah Al
Sobhan, Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubus
Cobb, Laura
Ide, Nicole
Choudhury, Sohel Reza
author_facet Afroza, Ummay
Abrar, Ahmad Khairul
Nowar, Abira
Akhtar, Jubaida
Mamun, Mohammad Abdullah Al
Sobhan, Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubus
Cobb, Laura
Ide, Nicole
Choudhury, Sohel Reza
author_sort Afroza, Ummay
collection PubMed
description The World Health Organization recommended reducing one’s salt intake below 5 g/day to prevent disability and death from cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. This review aimed to identify salt estimation at the population level in South Asian countries, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. We searched electronic databases and government websites for the literature and reports published between January 2011 and October 2021 and also consulted key informants for unpublished reports. We included studies that assessed salt intake from urinary sodium excretion, either spot urine or a 24 h urine sample, on a minimum of 100 samples in South Asian countries. We included 12 studies meeting the criteria after screening 2043 studies, out of which five followed nationally representative methods. This review revealed that salt intake in South Asian countries ranges from 6.7–13.3 g/day. The reported lowest level of salt intake was in Bangladesh and India, and the highest one was in Nepal. The estimated salt intake reported in the nationally representative studies were ranging from 8 g/day (in India) to 12.1 g/day (in Afghanistan). Salt consumption in men (8.9–12.5 g/day) was reported higher than in women (7.1–12.5 g/day). Despite the global target of population salt intake reduction, people in South Asian countries consume a much higher amount of salt than the WHO-recommended level.
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spelling pubmed-106097452023-10-28 Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review Afroza, Ummay Abrar, Ahmad Khairul Nowar, Abira Akhtar, Jubaida Mamun, Mohammad Abdullah Al Sobhan, Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubus Cobb, Laura Ide, Nicole Choudhury, Sohel Reza Nutrients Review The World Health Organization recommended reducing one’s salt intake below 5 g/day to prevent disability and death from cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. This review aimed to identify salt estimation at the population level in South Asian countries, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. We searched electronic databases and government websites for the literature and reports published between January 2011 and October 2021 and also consulted key informants for unpublished reports. We included studies that assessed salt intake from urinary sodium excretion, either spot urine or a 24 h urine sample, on a minimum of 100 samples in South Asian countries. We included 12 studies meeting the criteria after screening 2043 studies, out of which five followed nationally representative methods. This review revealed that salt intake in South Asian countries ranges from 6.7–13.3 g/day. The reported lowest level of salt intake was in Bangladesh and India, and the highest one was in Nepal. The estimated salt intake reported in the nationally representative studies were ranging from 8 g/day (in India) to 12.1 g/day (in Afghanistan). Salt consumption in men (8.9–12.5 g/day) was reported higher than in women (7.1–12.5 g/day). Despite the global target of population salt intake reduction, people in South Asian countries consume a much higher amount of salt than the WHO-recommended level. MDPI 2023-10-13 /pmc/articles/PMC10609745/ /pubmed/37892433 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15204358 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Afroza, Ummay
Abrar, Ahmad Khairul
Nowar, Abira
Akhtar, Jubaida
Mamun, Mohammad Abdullah Al
Sobhan, Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubus
Cobb, Laura
Ide, Nicole
Choudhury, Sohel Reza
Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review
title Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review
title_full Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review
title_fullStr Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review
title_full_unstemmed Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review
title_short Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review
title_sort salt intake estimation from urine samples in south asian population: scoping review
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10609745/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37892433
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15204358
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