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Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review
The World Health Organization recommended reducing one’s salt intake below 5 g/day to prevent disability and death from cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. This review aimed to identify salt estimation at the population level in South Asian countries, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, I...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10609745/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37892433 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15204358 |
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author | Afroza, Ummay Abrar, Ahmad Khairul Nowar, Abira Akhtar, Jubaida Mamun, Mohammad Abdullah Al Sobhan, Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubus Cobb, Laura Ide, Nicole Choudhury, Sohel Reza |
author_facet | Afroza, Ummay Abrar, Ahmad Khairul Nowar, Abira Akhtar, Jubaida Mamun, Mohammad Abdullah Al Sobhan, Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubus Cobb, Laura Ide, Nicole Choudhury, Sohel Reza |
author_sort | Afroza, Ummay |
collection | PubMed |
description | The World Health Organization recommended reducing one’s salt intake below 5 g/day to prevent disability and death from cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. This review aimed to identify salt estimation at the population level in South Asian countries, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. We searched electronic databases and government websites for the literature and reports published between January 2011 and October 2021 and also consulted key informants for unpublished reports. We included studies that assessed salt intake from urinary sodium excretion, either spot urine or a 24 h urine sample, on a minimum of 100 samples in South Asian countries. We included 12 studies meeting the criteria after screening 2043 studies, out of which five followed nationally representative methods. This review revealed that salt intake in South Asian countries ranges from 6.7–13.3 g/day. The reported lowest level of salt intake was in Bangladesh and India, and the highest one was in Nepal. The estimated salt intake reported in the nationally representative studies were ranging from 8 g/day (in India) to 12.1 g/day (in Afghanistan). Salt consumption in men (8.9–12.5 g/day) was reported higher than in women (7.1–12.5 g/day). Despite the global target of population salt intake reduction, people in South Asian countries consume a much higher amount of salt than the WHO-recommended level. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10609745 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-106097452023-10-28 Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review Afroza, Ummay Abrar, Ahmad Khairul Nowar, Abira Akhtar, Jubaida Mamun, Mohammad Abdullah Al Sobhan, Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubus Cobb, Laura Ide, Nicole Choudhury, Sohel Reza Nutrients Review The World Health Organization recommended reducing one’s salt intake below 5 g/day to prevent disability and death from cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. This review aimed to identify salt estimation at the population level in South Asian countries, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. We searched electronic databases and government websites for the literature and reports published between January 2011 and October 2021 and also consulted key informants for unpublished reports. We included studies that assessed salt intake from urinary sodium excretion, either spot urine or a 24 h urine sample, on a minimum of 100 samples in South Asian countries. We included 12 studies meeting the criteria after screening 2043 studies, out of which five followed nationally representative methods. This review revealed that salt intake in South Asian countries ranges from 6.7–13.3 g/day. The reported lowest level of salt intake was in Bangladesh and India, and the highest one was in Nepal. The estimated salt intake reported in the nationally representative studies were ranging from 8 g/day (in India) to 12.1 g/day (in Afghanistan). Salt consumption in men (8.9–12.5 g/day) was reported higher than in women (7.1–12.5 g/day). Despite the global target of population salt intake reduction, people in South Asian countries consume a much higher amount of salt than the WHO-recommended level. MDPI 2023-10-13 /pmc/articles/PMC10609745/ /pubmed/37892433 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15204358 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Afroza, Ummay Abrar, Ahmad Khairul Nowar, Abira Akhtar, Jubaida Mamun, Mohammad Abdullah Al Sobhan, Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubus Cobb, Laura Ide, Nicole Choudhury, Sohel Reza Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review |
title | Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review |
title_full | Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review |
title_fullStr | Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review |
title_full_unstemmed | Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review |
title_short | Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review |
title_sort | salt intake estimation from urine samples in south asian population: scoping review |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10609745/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37892433 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15204358 |
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