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Diabetic Plantar Foot Segmentation in Active Thermography Using a Two-Stage Adaptive Gamma Transform and a Deep Neural Network
Pathological conditions in diabetic feet cause surface temperature variations, which can be captured quantitatively using infrared thermography. Thermal images captured during recovery of diabetic feet after active cooling may reveal richer information than those from passive thermography, but disea...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10610917/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37896605 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23208511 |
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author | Cao, Zhenjie Zeng, Zhi Xie, Jinfang Zhai, Hao Yin, Ying Ma, Yue Tian, Yibin |
author_facet | Cao, Zhenjie Zeng, Zhi Xie, Jinfang Zhai, Hao Yin, Ying Ma, Yue Tian, Yibin |
author_sort | Cao, Zhenjie |
collection | PubMed |
description | Pathological conditions in diabetic feet cause surface temperature variations, which can be captured quantitatively using infrared thermography. Thermal images captured during recovery of diabetic feet after active cooling may reveal richer information than those from passive thermography, but diseased foot regions may exhibit very small temperature differences compared with the surrounding area, complicating plantar foot segmentation in such cold-stressed active thermography. In this study, we investigate new plantar foot segmentation methods for thermal images obtained via cold-stressed active thermography without the complementary information from color or depth channels. To better deal with the temporal variations in thermal image contrast when planar feet are recovering from cold immersion, we propose an image pre-processing method using a two-stage adaptive gamma transform to alleviate the impact of such contrast variations. To improve upon existing deep neural networks for segmenting planar feet from cold-stressed infrared thermograms, a new deep neural network, the Plantar Foot Segmentation Network (PFSNet), is proposed to better extract foot contours. It combines the fundamental U-shaped network structure, a multi-scale feature extraction module, and a convolutional block attention module with a feature fusion network. The PFSNet, in combination with the two-stage adaptive gamma transform, outperforms multiple existing deep neural networks in plantar foot segmentation for single-channel infrared images from cold-stressed infrared thermography, achieving an accuracy of 97.3% and 95.4% as measured by Intersection over Union (IOU) and Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) respectively. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10610917 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-106109172023-10-28 Diabetic Plantar Foot Segmentation in Active Thermography Using a Two-Stage Adaptive Gamma Transform and a Deep Neural Network Cao, Zhenjie Zeng, Zhi Xie, Jinfang Zhai, Hao Yin, Ying Ma, Yue Tian, Yibin Sensors (Basel) Article Pathological conditions in diabetic feet cause surface temperature variations, which can be captured quantitatively using infrared thermography. Thermal images captured during recovery of diabetic feet after active cooling may reveal richer information than those from passive thermography, but diseased foot regions may exhibit very small temperature differences compared with the surrounding area, complicating plantar foot segmentation in such cold-stressed active thermography. In this study, we investigate new plantar foot segmentation methods for thermal images obtained via cold-stressed active thermography without the complementary information from color or depth channels. To better deal with the temporal variations in thermal image contrast when planar feet are recovering from cold immersion, we propose an image pre-processing method using a two-stage adaptive gamma transform to alleviate the impact of such contrast variations. To improve upon existing deep neural networks for segmenting planar feet from cold-stressed infrared thermograms, a new deep neural network, the Plantar Foot Segmentation Network (PFSNet), is proposed to better extract foot contours. It combines the fundamental U-shaped network structure, a multi-scale feature extraction module, and a convolutional block attention module with a feature fusion network. The PFSNet, in combination with the two-stage adaptive gamma transform, outperforms multiple existing deep neural networks in plantar foot segmentation for single-channel infrared images from cold-stressed infrared thermography, achieving an accuracy of 97.3% and 95.4% as measured by Intersection over Union (IOU) and Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) respectively. MDPI 2023-10-17 /pmc/articles/PMC10610917/ /pubmed/37896605 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23208511 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Cao, Zhenjie Zeng, Zhi Xie, Jinfang Zhai, Hao Yin, Ying Ma, Yue Tian, Yibin Diabetic Plantar Foot Segmentation in Active Thermography Using a Two-Stage Adaptive Gamma Transform and a Deep Neural Network |
title | Diabetic Plantar Foot Segmentation in Active Thermography Using a Two-Stage Adaptive Gamma Transform and a Deep Neural Network |
title_full | Diabetic Plantar Foot Segmentation in Active Thermography Using a Two-Stage Adaptive Gamma Transform and a Deep Neural Network |
title_fullStr | Diabetic Plantar Foot Segmentation in Active Thermography Using a Two-Stage Adaptive Gamma Transform and a Deep Neural Network |
title_full_unstemmed | Diabetic Plantar Foot Segmentation in Active Thermography Using a Two-Stage Adaptive Gamma Transform and a Deep Neural Network |
title_short | Diabetic Plantar Foot Segmentation in Active Thermography Using a Two-Stage Adaptive Gamma Transform and a Deep Neural Network |
title_sort | diabetic plantar foot segmentation in active thermography using a two-stage adaptive gamma transform and a deep neural network |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10610917/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37896605 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23208511 |
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