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The Health Status of Horses Used for at Least Six Complete Cycles of Loxoscelic Antivenom Production
Antivenom production against Loxosceles venom relies on horses being immunized and bled for plasma harvest. One horse can partake in several cycles of antivenom production, which will require years of constant venom and adjuvant inoculation and bleeding. The actual impact on the health of horses tha...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10610985/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37888620 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100589 |
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author | de Miranda, Ana Luísa Soares Antunes, Bruno Cesar Minozzo, João Carlos Lima, Sabrina de Almeida Botelho, Ana Flávia Machado Campos, Marco Túlio Gomes Chávez-Olórtegui, Carlos Soto-Blanco, Benito |
author_facet | de Miranda, Ana Luísa Soares Antunes, Bruno Cesar Minozzo, João Carlos Lima, Sabrina de Almeida Botelho, Ana Flávia Machado Campos, Marco Túlio Gomes Chávez-Olórtegui, Carlos Soto-Blanco, Benito |
author_sort | de Miranda, Ana Luísa Soares |
collection | PubMed |
description | Antivenom production against Loxosceles venom relies on horses being immunized and bled for plasma harvest. One horse can partake in several cycles of antivenom production, which will require years of constant venom and adjuvant inoculation and bleeding. The actual impact on the health of horses that participate in several antivenom-producing cycles is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the general health status of horses that underwent at least six cycles of loxoscelic antivenom production. Seven crossbred horses that had partaken in six to eight complete antivenom-producing cycles were used and established as the immunized group (IG). Under the same handling and general management, eleven horses were established as the control group (CG). The horses were evaluated regarding their general clinical status and had their blood sampled, and an ECG recorded. The IG presented lower RBC and PCV, despite keeping values within inferior limits for the species. Renal function was not impaired, and liver-related enzymes were higher than those in the CG, probably due to liver exertion from immunoglobulin synthesis. ECG showed some abnormalities in the IG, such as atrioventricular block and a wandering atrial pacemaker, corroborated by an increase in CK-MB. The cardiovascular abnormalities were mainly found in the horses that participated in several antivenom-producing cycles. The overall results indicate that these horses had some impairment of their general health status. Once available, some alternative, less toxic antigens should replace the venom for immunization of horses used for antivenom production. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10610985 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-106109852023-10-28 The Health Status of Horses Used for at Least Six Complete Cycles of Loxoscelic Antivenom Production de Miranda, Ana Luísa Soares Antunes, Bruno Cesar Minozzo, João Carlos Lima, Sabrina de Almeida Botelho, Ana Flávia Machado Campos, Marco Túlio Gomes Chávez-Olórtegui, Carlos Soto-Blanco, Benito Toxins (Basel) Article Antivenom production against Loxosceles venom relies on horses being immunized and bled for plasma harvest. One horse can partake in several cycles of antivenom production, which will require years of constant venom and adjuvant inoculation and bleeding. The actual impact on the health of horses that participate in several antivenom-producing cycles is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the general health status of horses that underwent at least six cycles of loxoscelic antivenom production. Seven crossbred horses that had partaken in six to eight complete antivenom-producing cycles were used and established as the immunized group (IG). Under the same handling and general management, eleven horses were established as the control group (CG). The horses were evaluated regarding their general clinical status and had their blood sampled, and an ECG recorded. The IG presented lower RBC and PCV, despite keeping values within inferior limits for the species. Renal function was not impaired, and liver-related enzymes were higher than those in the CG, probably due to liver exertion from immunoglobulin synthesis. ECG showed some abnormalities in the IG, such as atrioventricular block and a wandering atrial pacemaker, corroborated by an increase in CK-MB. The cardiovascular abnormalities were mainly found in the horses that participated in several antivenom-producing cycles. The overall results indicate that these horses had some impairment of their general health status. Once available, some alternative, less toxic antigens should replace the venom for immunization of horses used for antivenom production. MDPI 2023-09-26 /pmc/articles/PMC10610985/ /pubmed/37888620 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100589 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article de Miranda, Ana Luísa Soares Antunes, Bruno Cesar Minozzo, João Carlos Lima, Sabrina de Almeida Botelho, Ana Flávia Machado Campos, Marco Túlio Gomes Chávez-Olórtegui, Carlos Soto-Blanco, Benito The Health Status of Horses Used for at Least Six Complete Cycles of Loxoscelic Antivenom Production |
title | The Health Status of Horses Used for at Least Six Complete Cycles of Loxoscelic Antivenom Production |
title_full | The Health Status of Horses Used for at Least Six Complete Cycles of Loxoscelic Antivenom Production |
title_fullStr | The Health Status of Horses Used for at Least Six Complete Cycles of Loxoscelic Antivenom Production |
title_full_unstemmed | The Health Status of Horses Used for at Least Six Complete Cycles of Loxoscelic Antivenom Production |
title_short | The Health Status of Horses Used for at Least Six Complete Cycles of Loxoscelic Antivenom Production |
title_sort | health status of horses used for at least six complete cycles of loxoscelic antivenom production |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10610985/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37888620 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100589 |
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