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Long-Term Follow-Up of COVID-19 Convalescents—Immune Response Associated with Reinfection Rate and Symptoms
SARS-CoV-2 has spread worldwide, causing millions of deaths and leaving a significant proportion of people with long-term sequelae of COVID-19 (“post-COVID syndrome”). Whereas the precise mechanism of post-COVID syndrome is still unknown, the immune response after the first infection may play a role...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10611319/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37896879 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15102100 |
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author | Seller, Anna Hackenbruch, Christopher Walz, Juliane S. Nelde, Annika Heitmann, Jonas S. |
author_facet | Seller, Anna Hackenbruch, Christopher Walz, Juliane S. Nelde, Annika Heitmann, Jonas S. |
author_sort | Seller, Anna |
collection | PubMed |
description | SARS-CoV-2 has spread worldwide, causing millions of deaths and leaving a significant proportion of people with long-term sequelae of COVID-19 (“post-COVID syndrome”). Whereas the precise mechanism of post-COVID syndrome is still unknown, the immune response after the first infection may play a role. Here, we performed a long-term follow-up analysis of 110 COVID-19 convalescents, analyzing the first SARS-CoV-2-directed immune response, vaccination status, long-term symptoms (approximately 2.5 years after first infection), and reinfections. A total of 96% of convalescents were vaccinated at least once against SARS-CoV-2 after their first infection. A reinfection rate of 47% was observed, and lower levels of anti-spike IgG antibodies after the first infection were shown to associate with reinfection. While T-cell responses could not be clearly associated with persistent postinfectious symptoms, convalescents with long-term symptoms showed elevated SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels at the first infection. Evaluating the immune response after the first infection might be a useful tool for identifying individuals with increased risk for re-infections and long-term symptoms. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10611319 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-106113192023-10-28 Long-Term Follow-Up of COVID-19 Convalescents—Immune Response Associated with Reinfection Rate and Symptoms Seller, Anna Hackenbruch, Christopher Walz, Juliane S. Nelde, Annika Heitmann, Jonas S. Viruses Article SARS-CoV-2 has spread worldwide, causing millions of deaths and leaving a significant proportion of people with long-term sequelae of COVID-19 (“post-COVID syndrome”). Whereas the precise mechanism of post-COVID syndrome is still unknown, the immune response after the first infection may play a role. Here, we performed a long-term follow-up analysis of 110 COVID-19 convalescents, analyzing the first SARS-CoV-2-directed immune response, vaccination status, long-term symptoms (approximately 2.5 years after first infection), and reinfections. A total of 96% of convalescents were vaccinated at least once against SARS-CoV-2 after their first infection. A reinfection rate of 47% was observed, and lower levels of anti-spike IgG antibodies after the first infection were shown to associate with reinfection. While T-cell responses could not be clearly associated with persistent postinfectious symptoms, convalescents with long-term symptoms showed elevated SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels at the first infection. Evaluating the immune response after the first infection might be a useful tool for identifying individuals with increased risk for re-infections and long-term symptoms. MDPI 2023-10-17 /pmc/articles/PMC10611319/ /pubmed/37896879 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15102100 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Seller, Anna Hackenbruch, Christopher Walz, Juliane S. Nelde, Annika Heitmann, Jonas S. Long-Term Follow-Up of COVID-19 Convalescents—Immune Response Associated with Reinfection Rate and Symptoms |
title | Long-Term Follow-Up of COVID-19 Convalescents—Immune Response Associated with Reinfection Rate and Symptoms |
title_full | Long-Term Follow-Up of COVID-19 Convalescents—Immune Response Associated with Reinfection Rate and Symptoms |
title_fullStr | Long-Term Follow-Up of COVID-19 Convalescents—Immune Response Associated with Reinfection Rate and Symptoms |
title_full_unstemmed | Long-Term Follow-Up of COVID-19 Convalescents—Immune Response Associated with Reinfection Rate and Symptoms |
title_short | Long-Term Follow-Up of COVID-19 Convalescents—Immune Response Associated with Reinfection Rate and Symptoms |
title_sort | long-term follow-up of covid-19 convalescents—immune response associated with reinfection rate and symptoms |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10611319/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37896879 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15102100 |
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