Engineering liquid metal-based nanozyme for enhancing microwave dynamic therapy in breast cancer PDX model

BACKGROUNDS: The novel concept of microwave dynamic therapy (MDT) solves the problem of incomplete tumor eradication caused by non-selective heating and uneven temperature distribution of microwave thermal therapy (MWTT) in clinic, but the poor delivery of microwave sensitizer and the obstacle of tumor hypoxic microenvironment limit the effectiveness of MDT. RESULTS: Herein, we engineer a liquid metal-based nanozyme LM@ZIF@HA (LZH) with eutectic Gallium Indium (EGaIn) as the core, which is coated with CoNi-bimetallic zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF) and hyaluronic acid (HA). The flexibility of the liquid metal and the targeting of HA enable the nanozyme to be effectively endocytosed by tumor cells, solving the problem of poor delivery of microwave sensitizers. Due to the catalase-like activity, the nanozyme catalyze excess H(2)O(2) in the tumor microenvironment to generate O(2), alleviating the restriction of the tumor hypoxic microenvironment and promoting the production of ROS under microwave irradiation. In vitro cell experiments, the nanozyme has remarkable targeting effect, oxygen production capacity, and microwave dynamic effect, which effectively solves the defects of MDT. In the constructed patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model, the nanozyme achieves excellent MDT effect, despite the heterogeneity and complexity of the tumor model that is similar to the histological and pathological features of the patient. The tumor volume in the LZH + MW group is only about 1/20 of that in the control group, and the tumor inhibition rate is as high as 95%. CONCLUSION: The synthesized nanozyme effectively solves the defects of MDT, improves the targeted delivery of microwave sensitizers while regulating the hypoxic microenvironment of tumors, and achieves excellent MDT effect in the constructed PDX model, providing a new strategy for clinical cancer treatment. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-023-02121-9.