GaMD simulations as an alternative in the TFE-water mixture description

ABSTRACT: Context: 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol has been widely used to study the structure and dynamic properties of intrinsically disordered proteins. Experimentally, it is known that TFE-water mixtures stabilize secondary structures of IDPs, and therefore, it allows the studying of conformational ensembles of these proteins. In the last decades, molecular dynamic simulations have helped study the IDPs’ conformational ensemble. Unfortunately, conventional MD requires very long simulation times to describe the properties of IDPs. Therefore, a variety of accelerated sampling techniques have been developed and employed. The TFE-water mixture arrangement description through MD has faced substantial difficulties since emulating the TFE nanocrowding at certain TFE:H[Formula: see text] O ratios (around 15–40% of TFE). In this work, we determine the most suitable conditions that reproduce experimentally reported properties of TFE-water mixtures. We compared the employment of conventional MD and GaMD simulations and various water parameters. Our results show that the combination of parameters that better reproduce the experimental information is the combination of the TIP4PD water model and GaMD simulations. Therefore, these conditions help accurately describe the structural ensemble of IDPs in TFE-water mixtures. Methods: Conventional MD and GaMD simulations were performed under AMBER 18 software. The TFE and water molecules were described using GAFF2 and a variety of water models, such as TIP3P, TIP4P2005, TIP4PD, and TIP5P, respectively. The systems were simulated a 100 ns at 298 K. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]