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New insights into osmobiosis and chemobiosis in tardigrades

Tardigrades are renowned for their ability to enter the extremotolerant state of latent life known as cryptobiosis. While it is widely accepted that cryptobiosis can be induced by freezing (cryobiosis) and by desiccation (anhydrobiosis), the latter involving formation of a so-called tun, the exact m...

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Autores principales: Hvidepil, Lykke K. B., Møbjerg, Nadja
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10620314/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37929212
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1274522
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author Hvidepil, Lykke K. B.
Møbjerg, Nadja
author_facet Hvidepil, Lykke K. B.
Møbjerg, Nadja
author_sort Hvidepil, Lykke K. B.
collection PubMed
description Tardigrades are renowned for their ability to enter the extremotolerant state of latent life known as cryptobiosis. While it is widely accepted that cryptobiosis can be induced by freezing (cryobiosis) and by desiccation (anhydrobiosis), the latter involving formation of a so-called tun, the exact mechanisms underlying the state—as well as the significance of other cryptobiosis inducing factors—remain ambiguous. Here, we focus on osmotic and chemical stress tolerance in the marine tidal tardigrade Echiniscoides sigismundi. We show that E. sigismundi enters the tun state following exposure to saturated seawater and upon exposure to locality seawater containing the mitochondrial uncoupler DNP. The latter experiments provide evidence of osmobiosis and chemobiosis, i.e., cryptobiosis induced by high levels of osmolytes and toxicants, respectively. A small decrease in survival was observed following simultaneous exposure to DNP and saturated seawater indicating that the tardigrades may not be entirely ametabolic while in the osmobiotic tun. The tardigrades easily handle exposure to ultrapure water, but hypo-osmotic shock impairs tun formation and when exposed to ultrapure water the tardigrades do not tolerate DNP, indicating that tolerance towards dilute solutions involves energy-consuming processes. We discuss our data in relation to earlier and more contemporary studies on cryptobiosis and we argue that osmobiosis should be defined as a state of cryptobiosis induced by high external osmotic pressure. Our investigation supports the hypothesis that the mechanisms underlying osmobiosis and anhydrobiosis are overlapping and that osmobiosis likely represents the evolutionary forerunner of cryptobiosis forms that involve body water deprivation.
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spelling pubmed-106203142023-11-03 New insights into osmobiosis and chemobiosis in tardigrades Hvidepil, Lykke K. B. Møbjerg, Nadja Front Physiol Physiology Tardigrades are renowned for their ability to enter the extremotolerant state of latent life known as cryptobiosis. While it is widely accepted that cryptobiosis can be induced by freezing (cryobiosis) and by desiccation (anhydrobiosis), the latter involving formation of a so-called tun, the exact mechanisms underlying the state—as well as the significance of other cryptobiosis inducing factors—remain ambiguous. Here, we focus on osmotic and chemical stress tolerance in the marine tidal tardigrade Echiniscoides sigismundi. We show that E. sigismundi enters the tun state following exposure to saturated seawater and upon exposure to locality seawater containing the mitochondrial uncoupler DNP. The latter experiments provide evidence of osmobiosis and chemobiosis, i.e., cryptobiosis induced by high levels of osmolytes and toxicants, respectively. A small decrease in survival was observed following simultaneous exposure to DNP and saturated seawater indicating that the tardigrades may not be entirely ametabolic while in the osmobiotic tun. The tardigrades easily handle exposure to ultrapure water, but hypo-osmotic shock impairs tun formation and when exposed to ultrapure water the tardigrades do not tolerate DNP, indicating that tolerance towards dilute solutions involves energy-consuming processes. We discuss our data in relation to earlier and more contemporary studies on cryptobiosis and we argue that osmobiosis should be defined as a state of cryptobiosis induced by high external osmotic pressure. Our investigation supports the hypothesis that the mechanisms underlying osmobiosis and anhydrobiosis are overlapping and that osmobiosis likely represents the evolutionary forerunner of cryptobiosis forms that involve body water deprivation. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-10-19 /pmc/articles/PMC10620314/ /pubmed/37929212 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1274522 Text en Copyright © 2023 Hvidepil and Møbjerg. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Physiology
Hvidepil, Lykke K. B.
Møbjerg, Nadja
New insights into osmobiosis and chemobiosis in tardigrades
title New insights into osmobiosis and chemobiosis in tardigrades
title_full New insights into osmobiosis and chemobiosis in tardigrades
title_fullStr New insights into osmobiosis and chemobiosis in tardigrades
title_full_unstemmed New insights into osmobiosis and chemobiosis in tardigrades
title_short New insights into osmobiosis and chemobiosis in tardigrades
title_sort new insights into osmobiosis and chemobiosis in tardigrades
topic Physiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10620314/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37929212
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1274522
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