Association of cholecystectomy with osteoporosis risk: a prospective study using data from the UK Biobank

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether prior cholecystectomy is associated with incident osteoporosis. BACKGROUND: Cholecystectomy may have consequences involving abnormal metabolism. Studies investigating the association between prior cholecystectomy and osteoporosis have yielded inconsistent results. METHODS: In total, 17,603 UK Biobank participants underwent cholecystectomy, and 35,206 matched controls were included in this study. They were followed up for incident osteoporosis, which was determined using ICD-10 codes (M80–82). The association between cholecystectomy and osteoporosis was assessed using Cox proportional regression modeling. The association between osteoporosis risk and cholecystectomy was further analyzed across age, sex, serum vitamin D level, and body mass index (BMI) categories. RESULTS: Within a median follow-up period of 13.56 years, 3,217 participants were diagnosed with osteoporosis. After adjustment for relevant confounders, prior cholecystectomy was associated with a 1.21 times higher risk of osteoporosis in women (hazard ratio (HR): 1.21 [95% CI, 1.12–1.31], p < 0.001) and a 1.45 times higher risk in men (HR: 1.45 [95% CI, 1.10–1.90], p = 0.007). In women, the association was stronger for patients who were aged 40–55 years, with BMI < 18.5 kg/m(2), and vitamin D between 30 and 50 nmol/ml. No significant interactions between cholecystectomy and income level, education level, presence of hypertension, or diabetes were identified in either sex. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that people who underwent cholecystectomy had a higher risk of developing osteoporosis after adjustment for potential confounders. Our findings suggest that awareness of the risk of osteoporosis in patients with a history of cholecystectomy is merited.