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The Ideal Diet for Humans to Sustainably Feed the Growing Population – Review, Meta-Analyses, and Policies for Change
INTRODUCTION: As of now, no study has combined research from different sciences to determine the most suitable diet for humans. This issue is urgent due to the predicted population growth, the effect of this on the environment, and the deterioration of human health and associated costs. METHODS: A l...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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F1000 Research Limited
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10623543/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37928317 http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73470.2 |
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author | Goldfarb, Galit Sela, Yaron |
author_facet | Goldfarb, Galit Sela, Yaron |
author_sort | Goldfarb, Galit |
collection | PubMed |
description | INTRODUCTION: As of now, no study has combined research from different sciences to determine the most suitable diet for humans. This issue is urgent due to the predicted population growth, the effect of this on the environment, and the deterioration of human health and associated costs. METHODS: A literature review determined whether an optimal diet for humans exists and what such a diet is, followed by six meta-analyses. The standard criteria for conducting meta-analyses of observational studies were followed. A review of literature reporting Hazard Ratios with a 95% confidence interval for red meat intake, dairy intake, plant-based diet, fiber intake, and serum IGF-1 levels were extracted to calculate effect sizes. RESULTS: Results calculated using NCSS software show that high meat consumption increases mortality probability by 18% on average and increases diabetes risk by 50%. Plant-based and high-fiber diets decrease mortality by 15% and 20% respectively ( p < .001). Plant-based diets decreased diabetes risk by 27%, and dairy consumption (measured by increased IGF-1 levels) increased cancer probability by 48% ( p < 0.01). A vegetarian or Mediterranean diet was not found to decrease the probability of heart disease. A vegetarian diet can be healthy or not, depending on the foods consumed. A Mediterranean diet with high quantities of meat and dairy products will not produce the health effects desired. The main limitations of the study were that observational studies were heterogeneous and limited by potential confounders. DISCUSSION: The literature and meta-analyses point to an optimal diet for humans that has followed our species from the beginnings of humankind. The optimal diet is a whole food, high fiber, low-fat, 90+% plant-based diet. This diet allowed humans to become the most developed species on Earth. To ensure people’s nutritional needs are met healthily and sustainably, governmental dietary interventions are necessary. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10623543 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | F1000 Research Limited |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-106235432023-06-20 The Ideal Diet for Humans to Sustainably Feed the Growing Population – Review, Meta-Analyses, and Policies for Change Goldfarb, Galit Sela, Yaron F1000Res Systematic Review INTRODUCTION: As of now, no study has combined research from different sciences to determine the most suitable diet for humans. This issue is urgent due to the predicted population growth, the effect of this on the environment, and the deterioration of human health and associated costs. METHODS: A literature review determined whether an optimal diet for humans exists and what such a diet is, followed by six meta-analyses. The standard criteria for conducting meta-analyses of observational studies were followed. A review of literature reporting Hazard Ratios with a 95% confidence interval for red meat intake, dairy intake, plant-based diet, fiber intake, and serum IGF-1 levels were extracted to calculate effect sizes. RESULTS: Results calculated using NCSS software show that high meat consumption increases mortality probability by 18% on average and increases diabetes risk by 50%. Plant-based and high-fiber diets decrease mortality by 15% and 20% respectively ( p < .001). Plant-based diets decreased diabetes risk by 27%, and dairy consumption (measured by increased IGF-1 levels) increased cancer probability by 48% ( p < 0.01). A vegetarian or Mediterranean diet was not found to decrease the probability of heart disease. A vegetarian diet can be healthy or not, depending on the foods consumed. A Mediterranean diet with high quantities of meat and dairy products will not produce the health effects desired. The main limitations of the study were that observational studies were heterogeneous and limited by potential confounders. DISCUSSION: The literature and meta-analyses point to an optimal diet for humans that has followed our species from the beginnings of humankind. The optimal diet is a whole food, high fiber, low-fat, 90+% plant-based diet. This diet allowed humans to become the most developed species on Earth. To ensure people’s nutritional needs are met healthily and sustainably, governmental dietary interventions are necessary. F1000 Research Limited 2023-06-20 /pmc/articles/PMC10623543/ /pubmed/37928317 http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73470.2 Text en Copyright: © 2023 Goldfarb G and Sela Y https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Systematic Review Goldfarb, Galit Sela, Yaron The Ideal Diet for Humans to Sustainably Feed the Growing Population – Review, Meta-Analyses, and Policies for Change |
title | The Ideal Diet for Humans to Sustainably Feed the Growing Population – Review, Meta-Analyses, and Policies for Change |
title_full | The Ideal Diet for Humans to Sustainably Feed the Growing Population – Review, Meta-Analyses, and Policies for Change |
title_fullStr | The Ideal Diet for Humans to Sustainably Feed the Growing Population – Review, Meta-Analyses, and Policies for Change |
title_full_unstemmed | The Ideal Diet for Humans to Sustainably Feed the Growing Population – Review, Meta-Analyses, and Policies for Change |
title_short | The Ideal Diet for Humans to Sustainably Feed the Growing Population – Review, Meta-Analyses, and Policies for Change |
title_sort | ideal diet for humans to sustainably feed the growing population – review, meta-analyses, and policies for change |
topic | Systematic Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10623543/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37928317 http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73470.2 |
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