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Prevalence and correlates of violence among sexual and injecting partners of people who inject drugs living with HIV in Kenya: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: In Kenya, violence is common among people who inject drugs (PWID) living with HIV and their sexual and injecting partners and may lead to decreased uptake of HIV services, increased HIV risk behaviors, and increased HIV transmission. Violence is defined as any physical harm, threatened h...

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Autores principales: Aung, Sai Win Kyaw Htet, Kingston, Hanley, Mbogo, Loice W., Sambai, Betsy, Monroe-Wise, Aliza, Ludwig-Barron, Natasha T., Bukusi, David, Sinkele, William, Gitau, Esther, Masyuko, Sarah, Herbeck, Joshua T., Farquhar, Carey, Guthrie, Brandon L.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10623850/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37919736
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12954-023-00895-7
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author Aung, Sai Win Kyaw Htet
Kingston, Hanley
Mbogo, Loice W.
Sambai, Betsy
Monroe-Wise, Aliza
Ludwig-Barron, Natasha T.
Bukusi, David
Sinkele, William
Gitau, Esther
Masyuko, Sarah
Herbeck, Joshua T.
Farquhar, Carey
Guthrie, Brandon L.
author_facet Aung, Sai Win Kyaw Htet
Kingston, Hanley
Mbogo, Loice W.
Sambai, Betsy
Monroe-Wise, Aliza
Ludwig-Barron, Natasha T.
Bukusi, David
Sinkele, William
Gitau, Esther
Masyuko, Sarah
Herbeck, Joshua T.
Farquhar, Carey
Guthrie, Brandon L.
author_sort Aung, Sai Win Kyaw Htet
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: In Kenya, violence is common among people who inject drugs (PWID) living with HIV and their sexual and injecting partners and may lead to decreased uptake of HIV services, increased HIV risk behaviors, and increased HIV transmission. Violence is defined as any physical harm, threatened harm, or forced sexual acts inflicted on a person in the past year. Understanding the nature of violence and its correlates among PWID and their partners will inform population-specific public health interventions and policy recommendations. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study nested in a prospective cohort study conducted in eight public health centers, methadone clinics, and needle syringe programs in Nairobi, Kilifi, and Mombasa counties in Kenya. 3,302 sexual and/or injecting partners of PWID living with HIV were recruited through assisted partner services and participated in the study. Prevalence and correlates of violence were identified using the Wald test and negative binomial regression. RESULTS: Out of 3302 study participants, 1439 (44%) had experienced violence within the past year. Physical violence was the most common form of violence experienced (35%), followed by being threatened (23%) or subjected to sexual violence (7%). In an adjusted analysis, female participants reported higher experiences of sexual violence (prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62, 3.74; p < 0.001) compared to male participants. In adjusted analysis, coastal residents had a higher experience of overall violence (PR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.27, 1.72; p < 0.001) than those living in Nairobi. This regional effect was relatively stronger among the female respondents (p(interaction) = 0.025). Participants’ sex modified the association between region and experiencing violence after adjusting potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: The study reveals the prevalence of violence among PWID and identifies high-risk sub-groups, including women, specifically for sexual violence, and coastal residents. Tailored interventions addressing their unique needs are essential. A holistic approach that combines violence prevention and response, comprehensive harm reduction, healthcare access, and community support is crucial to address the complex issue of drug use and HIV burden among PWID in Kenya for improved health outcomes.
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spelling pubmed-106238502023-11-04 Prevalence and correlates of violence among sexual and injecting partners of people who inject drugs living with HIV in Kenya: a cross-sectional study Aung, Sai Win Kyaw Htet Kingston, Hanley Mbogo, Loice W. Sambai, Betsy Monroe-Wise, Aliza Ludwig-Barron, Natasha T. Bukusi, David Sinkele, William Gitau, Esther Masyuko, Sarah Herbeck, Joshua T. Farquhar, Carey Guthrie, Brandon L. Harm Reduct J Research BACKGROUND: In Kenya, violence is common among people who inject drugs (PWID) living with HIV and their sexual and injecting partners and may lead to decreased uptake of HIV services, increased HIV risk behaviors, and increased HIV transmission. Violence is defined as any physical harm, threatened harm, or forced sexual acts inflicted on a person in the past year. Understanding the nature of violence and its correlates among PWID and their partners will inform population-specific public health interventions and policy recommendations. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study nested in a prospective cohort study conducted in eight public health centers, methadone clinics, and needle syringe programs in Nairobi, Kilifi, and Mombasa counties in Kenya. 3,302 sexual and/or injecting partners of PWID living with HIV were recruited through assisted partner services and participated in the study. Prevalence and correlates of violence were identified using the Wald test and negative binomial regression. RESULTS: Out of 3302 study participants, 1439 (44%) had experienced violence within the past year. Physical violence was the most common form of violence experienced (35%), followed by being threatened (23%) or subjected to sexual violence (7%). In an adjusted analysis, female participants reported higher experiences of sexual violence (prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62, 3.74; p < 0.001) compared to male participants. In adjusted analysis, coastal residents had a higher experience of overall violence (PR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.27, 1.72; p < 0.001) than those living in Nairobi. This regional effect was relatively stronger among the female respondents (p(interaction) = 0.025). Participants’ sex modified the association between region and experiencing violence after adjusting potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: The study reveals the prevalence of violence among PWID and identifies high-risk sub-groups, including women, specifically for sexual violence, and coastal residents. Tailored interventions addressing their unique needs are essential. A holistic approach that combines violence prevention and response, comprehensive harm reduction, healthcare access, and community support is crucial to address the complex issue of drug use and HIV burden among PWID in Kenya for improved health outcomes. BioMed Central 2023-11-02 /pmc/articles/PMC10623850/ /pubmed/37919736 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12954-023-00895-7 Text en © This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research
Aung, Sai Win Kyaw Htet
Kingston, Hanley
Mbogo, Loice W.
Sambai, Betsy
Monroe-Wise, Aliza
Ludwig-Barron, Natasha T.
Bukusi, David
Sinkele, William
Gitau, Esther
Masyuko, Sarah
Herbeck, Joshua T.
Farquhar, Carey
Guthrie, Brandon L.
Prevalence and correlates of violence among sexual and injecting partners of people who inject drugs living with HIV in Kenya: a cross-sectional study
title Prevalence and correlates of violence among sexual and injecting partners of people who inject drugs living with HIV in Kenya: a cross-sectional study
title_full Prevalence and correlates of violence among sexual and injecting partners of people who inject drugs living with HIV in Kenya: a cross-sectional study
title_fullStr Prevalence and correlates of violence among sexual and injecting partners of people who inject drugs living with HIV in Kenya: a cross-sectional study
title_full_unstemmed Prevalence and correlates of violence among sexual and injecting partners of people who inject drugs living with HIV in Kenya: a cross-sectional study
title_short Prevalence and correlates of violence among sexual and injecting partners of people who inject drugs living with HIV in Kenya: a cross-sectional study
title_sort prevalence and correlates of violence among sexual and injecting partners of people who inject drugs living with hiv in kenya: a cross-sectional study
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10623850/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37919736
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12954-023-00895-7
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