Rare variants in GPR3 in POI patients: a case series with review of literature

BACKGROUND: Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a highly heterogeneous disease, and up to 25% of the cases can be explained by genetic causes. G protein-coupled receptor 3 (GPR3) plays an important role in oocyte arrest, and Gpr3-deficient mice exhibited POI-like phenotypes. CASE PRESENTATION: We identified two heterozygous missense variants of GPR3: NM_005281: c.C973T (p.R325C) and c.G772A (p.A258T) in two sporadic Han Chinese POI cases through whole exome sequencing and genetic analysis. The two patients were diagnosed as POI in their late 20s, presenting elevated serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone and secondary amenorrhea. Both variants are very rare in the population databases of ExAC, gnomAD and PGG.Han. The affected amino acids are conserved across species and the mutated amino acids are predicted deleterious with bioinformatics prediction tools and the protein three-dimensional structure analysis. CONCLUSIONS: It is the first report of rare GPR3 variants associated with POI women, providing an important piece of evidence for GPR3 as a candidate gene which should be screened in POI. This finding suggested the necessity of including GPR3 in etiology study and genetic counseling of POI patients. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13048-023-01282-3.