Experimental study on the effects of interface dip angle on deformation failure of combined limestone–coal specimens

Uniaxial compression experiments of limestone–coal specimens at different inclination angles (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60°) were conducted using acoustic emission and three-dimensional, extension test digital image correlation, and full-field strain measurement systems to examine how dip angles affect deformation failure. The findings indicate that: (1) specimen groups demonstrate plastic yield characteristics in the pre-peak stage. However, slight variations exist due to inclination angles. (2) The localization zone for deformation evolution closely correlates to primary crack initiation and propagation within coal specimens and to slipping at the rock’s and coal’s interface. Failure in the coal specimen triggers rebound deformation in limestone when the rock coal inclination angle is set at 15°. Both the rebound deformation amount and its rate exhibit upward trends as a function of the inclination angle. (3) The percentage of pre-peak elastic property density in the combined specimen is augmented from 98.56 to 88.08% as the inclination angle augments and reduces to 75.80%. External energy’s conversion into missile performance shows an initial increase followed by a decrease. (4) The energy rate of the acoustic emission (AE) signal exhibits distinct temporal characteristics in the combined specimen that can be associated with quiet, active, and sudden increases.