Urinary SPP1 has potential as a non‐invasive diagnostic marker for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a type of chronic glomerular nephropathy showing characteristic glomerular sclerosis, diagnosed by kidney biopsy. However, it is difficult and expensive to monitor disease progression with repeated renal biopsy in clinical practice, and thus here we explored the feasibility of urine biomarkers as non‐invasive diagnostic tools. We downloaded scRNA‐seq datasets of 20 urine cell samples and 3 kidney tissues and obtained two gene lists encoding extracellular proteins for bioinformatic analysis; in addition, we identified key EP‐Genes by immunohistochemical staining and performed bulk RNA sequencing with 12 urine samples. We report that urine cells and kidney cells were correlated. A total of 64 EP‐Genes were acquired by intersecting genes of distal tubular cluster with extracellular proteins. Function enrichment analysis showed that EP‐Genes might be involved in the immune response and extracellular components. Six key EP‐Genes were identified and correlated with renal function. IMC showed that key EP‐Genes were located mainly in tubules. Cross verification and examination of a urine RNAseq dataset showed that SPP1 had diagnostic potential for FSGS. The presence of urine SPP1 was primarily associated with macrophage infiltration in kidney, and the pathogenesis of FSGS may be related to innate immunity. Urinary cells seemed to be strongly similar to kidney cells. In summary, SPP1 levels reflect renal function and may have potential as a biomarker for non‐invasive diagnosis of FSGS.