Potential Toxic elements in shellfish from three rivers in Niger Delta, Nigeria: bioaccumulation, dietary intake, and human health risk assessment

Human health risks associated with the consumption of three shellfish (Penaeus monodon, Crassostrea rhizophorae, and Tympanostomus fuscatus) harvested from the Buguma, Krakrama, and Bonny Rivers in the Niger Delta region were evaluated in this study. The bioaccumulation of potential toxic elements (PTEs) [Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), and Nickel (Ni)] was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The pollution index (PPI), estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), total hazard index (HI), target cancer risk (CR), and total cancer risk (TCR) were evaluated for potential human health risks. The bioaccumulation levels of PTEs in shellfish samples followed the order: Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd > As and were above standard recommended limits except for inorganic As levels observed in T. fuscatus and P. monodon samples from Krakrama and Bonny and C. rhizophorae from Bonny river. The EDI values for iAs, Cr, and Ni were lower than the tolerable daily intake (TDI), however, the EDI of Cd for children in P. monodon (4.6E-03 mg kg(-1)day(-1)), T. fuscatus (1.7E-03 mg kg(-1)day(-1)) and C. rhizophorae (1.4E-03 mg kg(-1)day(-1)) from Buguma were higher than the TDI value (8.00E-04 mg kg(-1)day(-1)). The HI values were above 1. The total cancer risk (TCR) values of all analyzed PTEs for all the shellfish species from the rivers for children and adults ranged from 8.69E-04 to 2.47E-03 and 1.86E-03 to 5.30E-03 respectively and these were higher than the priority risk level (1E-04), hence, the need to monitor shellfish consumption in the study area.