Magnetic Fe-doped TiO(2)@Fe(3)O(4) for metronidazole degradation in aqueous solutions: Characteristics and efficacy assessment

Antibiotics present in aquatic environments can contribute to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, posing potential threats to public health. Therefore, efficient strategies to remove these compounds from water systems are essential to reduce both ecological and human health risks. This research aimed to assess the photocatalytic removal efficiency of metronidazole (MET) from an aqueous solution using a 15-W bare UVC lamp and magnetic nanocatalysts (Fe-doped TiO(2)@Fe(3)O(4)), which were synthesized using the sol-gel technique. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy with integrated energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were carried out to characterize the synthesized nanocatalysts. The influence of several factors, such as pH, initial MET, and nanocatalysts concentrations during reaction times of 15–120 min, was studied. The characterization results confirmed that Fe and Ti were successfully integrated into the Fe– doped TiO(2)@Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposite. Highest MET degradation efficiency (99.37 %) was observed at a pH of 3, with an initial MET concentration of 60 mg/L, nanoparticle dosage of 800 mg/L, and a reaction time of 90 min. The stability of the nanocatalyst was acceptable. The results suggest that OH ions may play a crucial role in the degradation of MET demonstrating photocatalytic degradation can be an effective way to remove MET from water resources. This research sets a precedent for future endeavors aimed at harnessing photocatalysis for environmental remediation of pharmaceutical pollutants.