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Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities

The concept of smart city architecture requires a comprehensive solution that can combine real-time response applications for cyber-physical systems. However, the architecture faces challenges that can obstruct the operations in terms of systems, processes, and data flow as far as the breach risk is...

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Autores principales: Khalil, Usman, Malik, Owais Ahmed, Hong, Ong Wee, Uddin, Mueen
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10643660/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37957161
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45212-1
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author Khalil, Usman
Malik, Owais Ahmed
Hong, Ong Wee
Uddin, Mueen
author_facet Khalil, Usman
Malik, Owais Ahmed
Hong, Ong Wee
Uddin, Mueen
author_sort Khalil, Usman
collection PubMed
description The concept of smart city architecture requires a comprehensive solution that can combine real-time response applications for cyber-physical systems. However, the architecture faces challenges that can obstruct the operations in terms of systems, processes, and data flow as far as the breach risk is concerned. Though the field has been researched with the existence of centralized and distributed architectures to support smart cities. Research gaps regarding security concerns, platform assistance, and resource management continue to persist. This research article presents a novel blockchain-based architecture that proposes expansion in the non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to cater to the expansion of IoT-enabled smart assets. It enables NFTs to employ fog computing for all users and smart devices connected to a fog node in a cyber-physical system. The proposed expansion suggested in Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) for IoT assets representation in a cyber-physical system, provides devices and user identification and authentication functionality. The proposed NFT architecture has been designed to provide a smart city solution for cyber-physical systems that ensures robust security features (such as CIA) by introducing new attributes and functions for Owner, User, Fog, and IoT device/s authentication. The validation and rigor of the security services, efficiency, and latency have been achieved by deployments on private and public ledgers. The efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of the suggested functions and components have been evaluated in terms of evaluation cost and time complexity which resulted in promising results, obtained and validated on a testnet. The evaluation cost for the devised mint component was approximately 81%, and devised approve() was approximately 23% more efficient than other solutions.
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spelling pubmed-106436602023-11-13 Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities Khalil, Usman Malik, Owais Ahmed Hong, Ong Wee Uddin, Mueen Sci Rep Article The concept of smart city architecture requires a comprehensive solution that can combine real-time response applications for cyber-physical systems. However, the architecture faces challenges that can obstruct the operations in terms of systems, processes, and data flow as far as the breach risk is concerned. Though the field has been researched with the existence of centralized and distributed architectures to support smart cities. Research gaps regarding security concerns, platform assistance, and resource management continue to persist. This research article presents a novel blockchain-based architecture that proposes expansion in the non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to cater to the expansion of IoT-enabled smart assets. It enables NFTs to employ fog computing for all users and smart devices connected to a fog node in a cyber-physical system. The proposed expansion suggested in Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) for IoT assets representation in a cyber-physical system, provides devices and user identification and authentication functionality. The proposed NFT architecture has been designed to provide a smart city solution for cyber-physical systems that ensures robust security features (such as CIA) by introducing new attributes and functions for Owner, User, Fog, and IoT device/s authentication. The validation and rigor of the security services, efficiency, and latency have been achieved by deployments on private and public ledgers. The efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of the suggested functions and components have been evaluated in terms of evaluation cost and time complexity which resulted in promising results, obtained and validated on a testnet. The evaluation cost for the devised mint component was approximately 81%, and devised approve() was approximately 23% more efficient than other solutions. Nature Publishing Group UK 2023-11-13 /pmc/articles/PMC10643660/ /pubmed/37957161 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45212-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Article
Khalil, Usman
Malik, Owais Ahmed
Hong, Ong Wee
Uddin, Mueen
Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities
title Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities
title_full Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities
title_fullStr Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities
title_full_unstemmed Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities
title_short Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities
title_sort leveraging a novel nft-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of iot assets in smart cities
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10643660/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37957161
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45212-1
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