General Figures of Merit ZQ for Thermoelectric Generators Under Constant Heat‐In Flux Boundary

The thermoelectric figure of merit ZT bridges the efficiency and material parameters for a thermoelectric device operating under constant temperature of the hot‐ and cold‐source thermal boundary (Type‐I TB). However, many application scenarios fall under the constant heat‐in flux (q (h)) and constant cold‐source temperature (T (c)) thermal boundary (Type‐II TB), for which a figure of merit is absent for more than half a century. This study aims to fill this gap and propose a figure of merit ZQ (D) for the thermoelectric devices under the Type‐II TB condition, defined as [Formula: see text] , where Z, h, and κ are the traditional figure of merit, leg height, and thermal conductivity, respectively. The effectiveness of ZQ (D) is verified through both numerical calculations and experiments, which are more accurate and practical than ZT. Furthermore, a system‐level figure of merit ZQ (S) is suggested after considering the external thermal resistance. Finally, optimization strategies for thermoelectric systems based on ZQ (S) are proposed, showing a 30% enhancement in the efficiency. ZQ (D) and ZQ (S) are expected to be widely used in the thermoelectric field.