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Age and Gender Impact on Heart Rate Variability towards Noninvasive Glucose Measurement
Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters can reveal the performance of the autonomic nervous system and possibly estimate the type of its malfunction, such as that of detecting the blood glucose level. Therefore, we aim to find the impact of other factors on the proper calculation of HRV. In this pap...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10647381/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37960397 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23218697 |
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author | Stojmenski, Aleksandar Gusev, Marjan Chorbev, Ivan Tudjarski, Stojancho Poposka, Lidija Vavlukis, Marija |
author_facet | Stojmenski, Aleksandar Gusev, Marjan Chorbev, Ivan Tudjarski, Stojancho Poposka, Lidija Vavlukis, Marija |
author_sort | Stojmenski, Aleksandar |
collection | PubMed |
description | Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters can reveal the performance of the autonomic nervous system and possibly estimate the type of its malfunction, such as that of detecting the blood glucose level. Therefore, we aim to find the impact of other factors on the proper calculation of HRV. In this paper, we research the relation between HRV and the age and gender of the patient to adjust the threshold correspondingly to the noninvasive glucose estimator that we are developing and improve its performance. While most of the literature research so far addresses healthy patients and only short- or long-term HRV, we apply a more holistic approach by including both healthy patients and patients with arrhythmia and different lengths of HRV measurements (short, middle, and long). The methods necessary to determine the correlation are (i) point biserial correlation, (ii) Pearson correlation, and (iii) Spearman rank correlation. We developed a mathematical model of a linear or monotonic dependence function and a machine learning and deep learning model, building a classification detector and level estimator. We used electrocardiogram (ECG) data from 4 different datasets consisting of 284 subjects. Age and gender influence HRV with a moderate correlation value of 0.58. This work elucidates the intricate interplay between individual input and output parameters compared with previous efforts, where correlations were found between HRV and blood glucose levels using deep learning techniques. It can successfully detect the influence of each input. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10647381 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-106473812023-10-25 Age and Gender Impact on Heart Rate Variability towards Noninvasive Glucose Measurement Stojmenski, Aleksandar Gusev, Marjan Chorbev, Ivan Tudjarski, Stojancho Poposka, Lidija Vavlukis, Marija Sensors (Basel) Article Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters can reveal the performance of the autonomic nervous system and possibly estimate the type of its malfunction, such as that of detecting the blood glucose level. Therefore, we aim to find the impact of other factors on the proper calculation of HRV. In this paper, we research the relation between HRV and the age and gender of the patient to adjust the threshold correspondingly to the noninvasive glucose estimator that we are developing and improve its performance. While most of the literature research so far addresses healthy patients and only short- or long-term HRV, we apply a more holistic approach by including both healthy patients and patients with arrhythmia and different lengths of HRV measurements (short, middle, and long). The methods necessary to determine the correlation are (i) point biserial correlation, (ii) Pearson correlation, and (iii) Spearman rank correlation. We developed a mathematical model of a linear or monotonic dependence function and a machine learning and deep learning model, building a classification detector and level estimator. We used electrocardiogram (ECG) data from 4 different datasets consisting of 284 subjects. Age and gender influence HRV with a moderate correlation value of 0.58. This work elucidates the intricate interplay between individual input and output parameters compared with previous efforts, where correlations were found between HRV and blood glucose levels using deep learning techniques. It can successfully detect the influence of each input. MDPI 2023-10-25 /pmc/articles/PMC10647381/ /pubmed/37960397 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23218697 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Stojmenski, Aleksandar Gusev, Marjan Chorbev, Ivan Tudjarski, Stojancho Poposka, Lidija Vavlukis, Marija Age and Gender Impact on Heart Rate Variability towards Noninvasive Glucose Measurement |
title | Age and Gender Impact on Heart Rate Variability towards Noninvasive Glucose Measurement |
title_full | Age and Gender Impact on Heart Rate Variability towards Noninvasive Glucose Measurement |
title_fullStr | Age and Gender Impact on Heart Rate Variability towards Noninvasive Glucose Measurement |
title_full_unstemmed | Age and Gender Impact on Heart Rate Variability towards Noninvasive Glucose Measurement |
title_short | Age and Gender Impact on Heart Rate Variability towards Noninvasive Glucose Measurement |
title_sort | age and gender impact on heart rate variability towards noninvasive glucose measurement |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10647381/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37960397 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23218697 |
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