Canine Pyometra: A Short Review of Current Advances

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Pyometra is a common reproductive disease in dogs that often begins with mild symptoms, but if not promptly treated, it can turn into a threat to life. Despite being frequent, the disease is still not fully understood. In the last few years, studies have contributed to a better comprehension of this disease, raising new hypotheses regarding the epidemiology, bacteria involved, the pre-existing uterine lesions that might be associated, and even a possible influence of one’s diet. In light of this, this work aimed to review the current understanding of canine pyometra, with particular emphasis on the recent research findings. ABSTRACT: Pyometra, characterized by the accumulation of purulent exudate in the uterus, is the most prevalent reproductive disease in canines. While the disease often begins with mild local symptoms, it can escalate into peritonitis, sepsis, and multi-organ dysfunction, thereby posing a significant threat to life. Despite the high incidence and recognized significance of canine pyometra, gaps persist in our understanding of its epidemiology, etiology, and pathogenesis. Recent studies have, however, broadened our comprehension of this disease, shedding light on potential new infection sources, etiologies, and the application of clinical predictive biomarkers and new therapeutic protocols. This study aimed to review the current understanding of canine pyometra, with particular emphasis on the latest research concerning its etiology and epidemiology. Furthermore, it addressed key research questions and proposed directions for future investigations into various facets of canine pyometra.