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A Critical Review of the Neuropharmacological Effects of Kratom: An Insight from the Functional Array of Identified Natural Compounds

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years, barred by the law in many parts of the world, while extensive research over the past few decades proves its several beneficial effects, some of which are still in ambiguity. In many countries, including Thailand,...

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Autores principales: Hossain, Rahni, Sultana, Abida, Nuinoon, Manit, Noonong, Kunwadee, Tangpong, Jitbanjong, Hossain, Kazi Helal, Rahman, Md Atiar
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10648626/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37959790
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217372
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author Hossain, Rahni
Sultana, Abida
Nuinoon, Manit
Noonong, Kunwadee
Tangpong, Jitbanjong
Hossain, Kazi Helal
Rahman, Md Atiar
author_facet Hossain, Rahni
Sultana, Abida
Nuinoon, Manit
Noonong, Kunwadee
Tangpong, Jitbanjong
Hossain, Kazi Helal
Rahman, Md Atiar
author_sort Hossain, Rahni
collection PubMed
description Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years, barred by the law in many parts of the world, while extensive research over the past few decades proves its several beneficial effects, some of which are still in ambiguity. In many countries, including Thailand, the indiscriminate use and abuse of kratom have led to the loss of life. Nonetheless, researchers have isolated almost fifty pure compounds from kratom, most of which are alkaloids. The most prevalent compounds, mitragynine and 7-hydroxy mitragynine, are reported to display agonist morphine-like effects on human μ-opioid receptors and antagonists at κ- and δ-opioid receptors with multimodal effects at other central receptors. Mitragynine is also credited to be one of the modulatory molecules for the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and SOD, CAT, GST, and associated genes’ upregulatory cascades, leading it to play a pivotal role in neuroprotective actions while evidently causing neuronal disorders at high doses. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antibacterial, and gastroprotective effects are well-cited. In this context, this review focuses on the research gap to resolve ambiguities about the neuronal effects of kratom and demonstrate its prospects as a therapeutic target for neurological disorders associated with other pharmacological effects.
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spelling pubmed-106486262023-10-31 A Critical Review of the Neuropharmacological Effects of Kratom: An Insight from the Functional Array of Identified Natural Compounds Hossain, Rahni Sultana, Abida Nuinoon, Manit Noonong, Kunwadee Tangpong, Jitbanjong Hossain, Kazi Helal Rahman, Md Atiar Molecules Review Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years, barred by the law in many parts of the world, while extensive research over the past few decades proves its several beneficial effects, some of which are still in ambiguity. In many countries, including Thailand, the indiscriminate use and abuse of kratom have led to the loss of life. Nonetheless, researchers have isolated almost fifty pure compounds from kratom, most of which are alkaloids. The most prevalent compounds, mitragynine and 7-hydroxy mitragynine, are reported to display agonist morphine-like effects on human μ-opioid receptors and antagonists at κ- and δ-opioid receptors with multimodal effects at other central receptors. Mitragynine is also credited to be one of the modulatory molecules for the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and SOD, CAT, GST, and associated genes’ upregulatory cascades, leading it to play a pivotal role in neuroprotective actions while evidently causing neuronal disorders at high doses. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antibacterial, and gastroprotective effects are well-cited. In this context, this review focuses on the research gap to resolve ambiguities about the neuronal effects of kratom and demonstrate its prospects as a therapeutic target for neurological disorders associated with other pharmacological effects. MDPI 2023-10-31 /pmc/articles/PMC10648626/ /pubmed/37959790 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217372 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Hossain, Rahni
Sultana, Abida
Nuinoon, Manit
Noonong, Kunwadee
Tangpong, Jitbanjong
Hossain, Kazi Helal
Rahman, Md Atiar
A Critical Review of the Neuropharmacological Effects of Kratom: An Insight from the Functional Array of Identified Natural Compounds
title A Critical Review of the Neuropharmacological Effects of Kratom: An Insight from the Functional Array of Identified Natural Compounds
title_full A Critical Review of the Neuropharmacological Effects of Kratom: An Insight from the Functional Array of Identified Natural Compounds
title_fullStr A Critical Review of the Neuropharmacological Effects of Kratom: An Insight from the Functional Array of Identified Natural Compounds
title_full_unstemmed A Critical Review of the Neuropharmacological Effects of Kratom: An Insight from the Functional Array of Identified Natural Compounds
title_short A Critical Review of the Neuropharmacological Effects of Kratom: An Insight from the Functional Array of Identified Natural Compounds
title_sort critical review of the neuropharmacological effects of kratom: an insight from the functional array of identified natural compounds
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10648626/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37959790
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217372
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