Increase in Vascular Function Parameters According to Lifestyles in a Spanish Population without Previous Cardiovascular Disease—EVA Follow-Up Study

The aim of this longitudinal descriptive observational study was to analyze the influence of different lifestyles on arterial stiffness (AS) throughout five years of follow-up and to describe the differences by sex in a Spanish adult population without cardiovascular disease at the start of the study. A random stratified sampling by age and sex was used to obtain 501 subjects included in the initial assessment. No cardiovascular disease was allowed in the subjects. The average age was 55.9 years, and 50.3% were women. A total of 480 subjects were analyzed again five years later. Alcohol and tobacco consumption were collected with standardized questionnaires. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed with the Mediterranean diet adherence screener (MEDAS) questionnaire. Physical activity was assessed with the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and sedentary time was assessed with the Marshall Sitting Questionnaire (MSQ). AS was assessed by measuring carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and central augmentation index (CAIx) with SphygmoCor System(®), and ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and cardio ankle vascular index (CAVI) with Vasera VS-1500(®). Increases in vascular function measures per year of follow-up were: cfPWV = 0.228 ± 0.360 m/s, baPWV = 0.186 ± 0.308 m/s, CAVI = 0.041 ± 0.181 m/s, and CAIx = 0.387 ± 2.664 m/s. In multiple regression analysis, positive association was shown between an increase in baPWV and tobacco index (β = 0.007) and alcohol consumption (β = 0.005). Negative association was shown between CAVI and Mediterranean diet score (β = −0.051). In multinomial logistic regression analysis, the OR of tobacco index of subjects with a cfPWV increase >P75 was OR = 1.025 and of subjects classified between P25 and P75 was OR = 1.026 regarding subjects classified with an increase <P25. The OR for alcohol consumption of participants with a baPWV increase >P75 was OR = 1.006 regarding subjects classified with an increase <P25. An OR = 0.838 was found in the Mediterranean diet score of subjects with an increased CAVI > P75, and an OR = 0.841 was found of subjects classified between P25–75 regarding subjects classified with an increase <P25. In conclusion, the association of lifestyle between an increase in AS measures at 5 year follow-up differs according to the AS measure analyzed. A positive association was shown with increased cfPWV and tobacco index, as well as alcohol consumption with increased baPWV. However, a negative association with CAVI and adherence to the Mediterranean diet was found.