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Comparative Analysis of Audio Processing Techniques on Doppler Radar Signature of Human Walking Motion Using CNN Models
Artificial intelligence (AI) radar technology offers several advantages over other technologies, including low cost, privacy assurance, high accuracy, and environmental resilience. One challenge faced by AI radar technology is the high cost of equipment and the lack of radar datasets for deep-learni...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10650032/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37960447 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23218743 |
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author | Ha, Minh-Khue Phan, Thien-Luan Nguyen, Duc Hoang Ha Quan, Nguyen Hoang Ha-Phan, Ngoc-Quan Ching, Congo Tak Shing Hieu, Nguyen Van |
author_facet | Ha, Minh-Khue Phan, Thien-Luan Nguyen, Duc Hoang Ha Quan, Nguyen Hoang Ha-Phan, Ngoc-Quan Ching, Congo Tak Shing Hieu, Nguyen Van |
author_sort | Ha, Minh-Khue |
collection | PubMed |
description | Artificial intelligence (AI) radar technology offers several advantages over other technologies, including low cost, privacy assurance, high accuracy, and environmental resilience. One challenge faced by AI radar technology is the high cost of equipment and the lack of radar datasets for deep-learning model training. Moreover, conventional radar signal processing methods have the obstacles of poor resolution or complex computation. Therefore, this paper discusses an innovative approach in the integration of radar technology and machine learning for effective surveillance systems that can surpass the aforementioned limitations. This approach is detailed into three steps: signal acquisition, signal processing, and feature-based classification. A hardware prototype of the signal acquisition circuitry was designed for a Continuous Wave (CW) K-24 GHz frequency band radar sensor. The collected radar motion data was categorized into non-human motion, human walking, and human walking without arm swing. Three signal processing techniques, namely short-time Fourier transform (STFT), mel spectrogram, and mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), were employed. The latter two are typically used for audio processing, but in this study, they were proposed to obtain micro-Doppler spectrograms for all motion data. The obtained micro-Doppler spectrograms were then fed to a simplified 2D convolutional neural networks (CNNs) architecture for feature extraction and classification. Additionally, artificial neural networks (ANNs) and 1D CNN models were implemented for comparative analysis on various aspects. The experimental results demonstrated that the 2D CNN model trained on the MFCC feature outperformed the other two methods. The accuracy rate of the object classification models trained on micro-Doppler features was 97.93%, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed approach. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10650032 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-106500322023-10-26 Comparative Analysis of Audio Processing Techniques on Doppler Radar Signature of Human Walking Motion Using CNN Models Ha, Minh-Khue Phan, Thien-Luan Nguyen, Duc Hoang Ha Quan, Nguyen Hoang Ha-Phan, Ngoc-Quan Ching, Congo Tak Shing Hieu, Nguyen Van Sensors (Basel) Article Artificial intelligence (AI) radar technology offers several advantages over other technologies, including low cost, privacy assurance, high accuracy, and environmental resilience. One challenge faced by AI radar technology is the high cost of equipment and the lack of radar datasets for deep-learning model training. Moreover, conventional radar signal processing methods have the obstacles of poor resolution or complex computation. Therefore, this paper discusses an innovative approach in the integration of radar technology and machine learning for effective surveillance systems that can surpass the aforementioned limitations. This approach is detailed into three steps: signal acquisition, signal processing, and feature-based classification. A hardware prototype of the signal acquisition circuitry was designed for a Continuous Wave (CW) K-24 GHz frequency band radar sensor. The collected radar motion data was categorized into non-human motion, human walking, and human walking without arm swing. Three signal processing techniques, namely short-time Fourier transform (STFT), mel spectrogram, and mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), were employed. The latter two are typically used for audio processing, but in this study, they were proposed to obtain micro-Doppler spectrograms for all motion data. The obtained micro-Doppler spectrograms were then fed to a simplified 2D convolutional neural networks (CNNs) architecture for feature extraction and classification. Additionally, artificial neural networks (ANNs) and 1D CNN models were implemented for comparative analysis on various aspects. The experimental results demonstrated that the 2D CNN model trained on the MFCC feature outperformed the other two methods. The accuracy rate of the object classification models trained on micro-Doppler features was 97.93%, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed approach. MDPI 2023-10-26 /pmc/articles/PMC10650032/ /pubmed/37960447 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23218743 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Ha, Minh-Khue Phan, Thien-Luan Nguyen, Duc Hoang Ha Quan, Nguyen Hoang Ha-Phan, Ngoc-Quan Ching, Congo Tak Shing Hieu, Nguyen Van Comparative Analysis of Audio Processing Techniques on Doppler Radar Signature of Human Walking Motion Using CNN Models |
title | Comparative Analysis of Audio Processing Techniques on Doppler Radar Signature of Human Walking Motion Using CNN Models |
title_full | Comparative Analysis of Audio Processing Techniques on Doppler Radar Signature of Human Walking Motion Using CNN Models |
title_fullStr | Comparative Analysis of Audio Processing Techniques on Doppler Radar Signature of Human Walking Motion Using CNN Models |
title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Analysis of Audio Processing Techniques on Doppler Radar Signature of Human Walking Motion Using CNN Models |
title_short | Comparative Analysis of Audio Processing Techniques on Doppler Radar Signature of Human Walking Motion Using CNN Models |
title_sort | comparative analysis of audio processing techniques on doppler radar signature of human walking motion using cnn models |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10650032/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37960447 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23218743 |
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