Associations of Combined Lifestyle Factors with MAFLD and the Specific Subtypes in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults: The Dongfeng-Tongji Cohort Study

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the crucial pathogenesis for intra-hepatic and extra-hepatic diseases, especially in elderly adults. Lifestyle management may be a modifiable cost-effective measure for MAFLD prevention, but the evidence is limited. A total of 23,408 middle-aged and elderly individuals were included in a longitudinal study from 2008 to 2018. Combined lifestyle scores (range 0–6) were evaluated by BMI, smoking, drinking, diet, physical activity, and sleep. Logistic regression models were used to calculate ORs for the risks of MAFLD and specific subtypes. The mean age of participants was 61.7 years, and 44.5% were men. Compared with poor lifestyle (scores 0–2), ORs (95% CIs) of the ideal lifestyle (scores 5–6) were 0.62 (0.57–0.68) for MAFLD, 0.31 (0.28–0.34) for MAFLD with excess weight and obesity, 0.97 (0.75–1.26) for MAFLD with diabetes, and 0.56 (0.51–0.62) for MAFLD with metabolic dysregulation. Additionally, lifestyle improvement was associated with lower risks of MAFLD (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.68–0.86), MAFLD with excess weight and obesity (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.63–0.81), MAFLD with diabetes (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.54–1.02) and MAFLD with metabolic dysregulation (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.43–0.55), respectively. Our findings suggest that adherence to a combined healthy lifestyle was associated with lower risks of MAFLD, particularly in excess weight/obese individuals or those with metabolic dysregulation.