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The Evolution of Sinus Tarsi Syndrome—What Is the Underlying Pathology?—A Critical Review

Background and Objectives: Sinus tarsi syndrome (STS) is defined as pain located at the lateral opening of the tarsal sinus. The exact etiology of sinus tarsi syndrome is not completely understood. Some do not believe it to be a true pathology. This review aims to clarify the definition of sinus tar...

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Autores principales: Willegger, Madeleine, Bouchard, Maryse, Schwarz, Gilbert M., Hirtler, Lena, Veljkovic, Andrea
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10650822/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37959343
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12216878
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author Willegger, Madeleine
Bouchard, Maryse
Schwarz, Gilbert M.
Hirtler, Lena
Veljkovic, Andrea
author_facet Willegger, Madeleine
Bouchard, Maryse
Schwarz, Gilbert M.
Hirtler, Lena
Veljkovic, Andrea
author_sort Willegger, Madeleine
collection PubMed
description Background and Objectives: Sinus tarsi syndrome (STS) is defined as pain located at the lateral opening of the tarsal sinus. The exact etiology of sinus tarsi syndrome is not completely understood. Some do not believe it to be a true pathology. This review aims to clarify the definition of sinus tarsi syndrome to better understand the underlying pathologies. We further propose an algorithm to evaluate sinus tarsi pain and provide advice for consecutive treatment options. Design: This is a narrative review. By searching PubMed, the available current literature was reviewed. Articles were critically analyzed to determine the pathoanatomy, biomechanics, and etiology of sinus tarsi pain. Algorithms for clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment were also recorded. Finally, the authors approach to evaluating and treating sinus tarsi pain was included in this review. Results: Reviewing the available literature, STS seems to be a catch-all phrase used to describe any pain in this anatomic region. Many causes of sinus tarsi pain were listed, including impingement, subtalar instability, and many other pathologies around the ankle. Conclusions: A thorough evaluation of patients presenting with pain in the sinus tarsi or instability of the hindfoot is essential to determining the underlying cause. When the cause of pain is still not clear after clinical exam and radiologic assessment, subtalar arthroscopy can be helpful as both a diagnostic and treatment tool. We propose that the term of STS should be avoided and that a more accurate diagnosis be used when possible. Once a diagnosis is made, appropriate treatment can be initiated.
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spelling pubmed-106508222023-10-31 The Evolution of Sinus Tarsi Syndrome—What Is the Underlying Pathology?—A Critical Review Willegger, Madeleine Bouchard, Maryse Schwarz, Gilbert M. Hirtler, Lena Veljkovic, Andrea J Clin Med Review Background and Objectives: Sinus tarsi syndrome (STS) is defined as pain located at the lateral opening of the tarsal sinus. The exact etiology of sinus tarsi syndrome is not completely understood. Some do not believe it to be a true pathology. This review aims to clarify the definition of sinus tarsi syndrome to better understand the underlying pathologies. We further propose an algorithm to evaluate sinus tarsi pain and provide advice for consecutive treatment options. Design: This is a narrative review. By searching PubMed, the available current literature was reviewed. Articles were critically analyzed to determine the pathoanatomy, biomechanics, and etiology of sinus tarsi pain. Algorithms for clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment were also recorded. Finally, the authors approach to evaluating and treating sinus tarsi pain was included in this review. Results: Reviewing the available literature, STS seems to be a catch-all phrase used to describe any pain in this anatomic region. Many causes of sinus tarsi pain were listed, including impingement, subtalar instability, and many other pathologies around the ankle. Conclusions: A thorough evaluation of patients presenting with pain in the sinus tarsi or instability of the hindfoot is essential to determining the underlying cause. When the cause of pain is still not clear after clinical exam and radiologic assessment, subtalar arthroscopy can be helpful as both a diagnostic and treatment tool. We propose that the term of STS should be avoided and that a more accurate diagnosis be used when possible. Once a diagnosis is made, appropriate treatment can be initiated. MDPI 2023-10-31 /pmc/articles/PMC10650822/ /pubmed/37959343 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12216878 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Willegger, Madeleine
Bouchard, Maryse
Schwarz, Gilbert M.
Hirtler, Lena
Veljkovic, Andrea
The Evolution of Sinus Tarsi Syndrome—What Is the Underlying Pathology?—A Critical Review
title The Evolution of Sinus Tarsi Syndrome—What Is the Underlying Pathology?—A Critical Review
title_full The Evolution of Sinus Tarsi Syndrome—What Is the Underlying Pathology?—A Critical Review
title_fullStr The Evolution of Sinus Tarsi Syndrome—What Is the Underlying Pathology?—A Critical Review
title_full_unstemmed The Evolution of Sinus Tarsi Syndrome—What Is the Underlying Pathology?—A Critical Review
title_short The Evolution of Sinus Tarsi Syndrome—What Is the Underlying Pathology?—A Critical Review
title_sort evolution of sinus tarsi syndrome—what is the underlying pathology?—a critical review
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10650822/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37959343
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12216878
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