HIF‐1α promotes astrocytic production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor following spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important mediator of neuropathology in various central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, little is known about its inducers for production from the nerve cells, as well as the underlying regulatory mechanism. Injury‐induced HIF‐1α has been shown to exacerbate neuroinflammation by activating multiple downstream target molecules. It is postulated that HIF‐1α is involved in the regulation of MIF following spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS: SCI model of Sprague–Dawley rats was established by cord contusion at T8–T10. The dynamic changes of HIF‐1α and MIF protein levels at lesion site of rat spinal cord were determined by Western blot. The specific cell types of HIF‐1α and MIF expression were examined by immunostaining. Primary astrocytes were isolated from the spinal cord, cultured and stimulated with various agonist or inhibitor of HIF‐1α for analysis of HIF‐1α‐mediated expression of MIF. Luciferase report assay was used to determine the relationship between HIF‐1α and MIF. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scale was used to assess the locomotor function following SCI. RESULTS: The protein levels of HIF‐1α and MIF at lesion site were significantly elevated by SCI. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that both HIF‐1α and MIF were abundantly expressed in the astrocytes of the spinal cord. By using various agonists or inhibitors of HIF‐1α, it was shown that HIF‐1α sufficiently induced astrocytic production of MIF. Mechanistically, HIF‐1α promoted MIF expression through interaction with MIF promoter. Inhibition of HIF‐1α activity using specific inhibitor markedly reduced the protein levels of MIF at lesion site following SCI, which in turn favored for the functional recovery. CONCLUSION: SCI‐induced activation of HIF‐1α is able to promote MIF production from astrocytes. Our results have provided new clues for SCI‐induced production of DAMPs, which may be helpful for clinical treatment of neuroinflammation.