A cross-ancestry genome-wide meta-analysis, fine-mapping, and gene prioritization approach to characterize the genetic architecture of adiponectin

Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for adiponectin, a complex trait linked to type 2 diabetes and obesity, identified >20 associated loci. However, most loci were identified in populations of European ancestry, and many of the target genes underlying the associations remain unknown. We conducted a cross-ancestry adiponectin GWAS meta-analysis in [Formula: see text] 46,434 individuals from the Metabolic Syndrome in Men (METSIM) cohort and the ADIPOGen and AGEN consortiums. We combined study-specific association summary statistics using a fixed-effects, inverse variance-weighted approach. We identified 22 loci associated with adiponectin (p < [Formula: see text]), including 15 known and seven previously unreported loci. Among individuals of European ancestry, Genome-wide Complex Traits Analysis joint conditional analysis (GCTA-COJO) identified 14 additional distinct signals at the ADIPOQ, CDH13, HCAR1, and ZNF664 loci. Leveraging the cross-ancestry data, FINEMAP + SuSiE identified 45 causal variants (PP > 0.9), which also exhibited potential pleiotropy for cardiometabolic traits. To prioritize target genes at associated loci, we propose a combinatorial likelihood scoring formalism (Gene Priority Score [GPScore]) based on measures derived from 11 gene prioritization strategies and the physical distance to the transcription start site. With GPScore, we prioritize the 30 most probable target genes underlying the adiponectin-associated variants in the cross-ancestry analysis, including well-known causal genes (e.g., ADIPOQ, CDH13) and additional genes (e.g., CSF1, RGS17). Functional association networks revealed complex interactions of prioritized genes, their functionally connected genes, and their underlying pathways centered around insulin and adiponectin signaling, indicating an essential role in regulating energy balance in the body, inflammation, coagulation, fibrinolysis, insulin resistance, and diabetes. Overall, our analyses identify and characterize adiponectin association signals and inform experimental interrogation of target genes for adiponectin.