Energy transfer mechanisms and color-tunable luminescence of Tm(3+)/Tb(3+)/Eu(3+) co-doped Sr(4)Nb(2)O(9) phosphors for high-quality white light-emitting diodes

This paper investigates the synthesis and luminescence characteristics of Tm(3+)/Tb(3+)/Eu(3+) co-doped Sr(4)Nb(2)O(9) (SNB) phosphors as potential candidates for white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). The study explores the energy transfer mechanisms and color-tunable characteristics of these phosphors. The SNB phosphors were prepared using a solid-state reaction method, and their structural and morphological properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The diffuse reflectance, photoluminescence (PL) and time resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) properties were investigated, revealing efficient energy transfer processes from Tm(3+) to Tb(3+) and Eu(3+) ions. The energy transfer mechanisms were determined through critical distance calculations and analysis of multipolar interactions. The co-doped phosphors exhibited tunable emission colors ranging from blue to white light, with controllable correlated color temperatures (CCTs) and high color rendering indices (CRIs). The CIE chromaticity coordinates were optimized to approach neutral white light. The PL intensity is maintained at 81.19% at 150 °C of that of room temperature which showcases the remarkable thermal stability of the as-prepared phosphors. The results highlight the potential of Tm(3+)/Tb(3+)/Eu(3+) co-doped SNB phosphors for generating high-quality, color-tunable white light for advanced lighting applications.