Collagen IV of basement membranes: III. Chloride pressure is a primordial innovation that drives and maintains the assembly of scaffolds

Collagen IV scaffold is a primordial innovation enabling the assembly of a fundamental architectural unit of epithelial tissues—a basement membrane attached to polarized cells. A family of six α-chains (α1 to α6) coassemble into three distinct protomers that form supramolecular scaffolds, noted as collagen IV(α121), collagen IV(α345), and collagen IV(α121–α556). Chloride ions play a pivotal role in scaffold assembly, based on studies of NC1 hexamers from mammalian tissues. First, Cl(−) activates a molecular switch within trimeric NC1 domains that initiates protomer oligomerization, forming an NC1 hexamer between adjoining protomers. Second, Cl(−) stabilizes the hexamer structure. Whether this Cl(−)-dependent mechanism is of fundamental importance in animal evolution is unknown. Here, we developed a simple in vitro method of SDS-PAGE to determine the role of solution Cl(−) in hexamer stability. Hexamers were characterized from 34 animal species across 15 major phyla, including the basal Cnidarian and Ctenophora phyla. We found that solution Cl(−) stabilized the quaternary hexamer structure across all phyla except Ctenophora, Ecdysozoa, and Rotifera. Further analysis of hexamers from peroxidasin knockout mice, a model for decreasing hexamer crosslinks, showed that solution Cl(−) also stabilized the hexamer surface conformation. The presence of sufficient chloride concentration in solution or “chloride pressure” dynamically maintains the native form of the hexamer. Collectively, our findings revealed that chloride pressure on the outside of cells is a primordial innovation that drives and maintains the quaternary and conformational structure of NC1 hexamers of collagen IV scaffolds.