Microwave and ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Papaya: A sustainable green process

The demand for sustainable and eco-friendly extraction methods for bioactive compounds from natural sources has increased significantly in recent years. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of the microwave pretreated ultrasound-assisted extraction (MPUAE) process for the extraction of antioxidants (TPC, DPPH, and FRAP) from papaya pulp and peel. The optimized variables for the MPUAE process were determined using the Box-Behnken design tool of response surface methodology. Our results showed that the optimized variables for pulp and peel were 675.76 and 669.70 W microwave power, 150 s of irradiation time, 30 °C ultrasound temperature, and 19.70 and 16.46 min of ultrasonic extraction time, respectively. Moreover, the MPUAE process was found to be more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly compared to the conventional ultrasound-associated extraction (UAE) technique. The MPUAE process emitted less CO(2) to the environment and had a shorter extraction time, resulting in a more sustainable and cost-effective extraction process. Our study suggests that the MPUAE process has the potential to be a promising and eco-friendly alternative for the industrial extraction of bioactive compounds from papaya and other natural sources.