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Photodynamic toluidine blue-gold nanoconjugates as a novel therapeutic for Staphylococcal biofilms

Staphylococci are among the most frequent bacteria known to cause biofilm-related infections. Pathogenic biofilms represent a global healthcare challenge due to their high tolerance to antimicrobials. In this study, water soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold nanospheres (28 ppm) and nanosta...

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Autores principales: Okkeh, Mohammad, De Vita, Lorenzo, Bruni, Giovanna, Doveri, Lavinia, Minzioni, Paolo, Restivo, Elisa, Patrini, Maddalena, Pallavicini, Piersandro, Visai, Livia
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10658660/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38019993
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra04398c
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author Okkeh, Mohammad
De Vita, Lorenzo
Bruni, Giovanna
Doveri, Lavinia
Minzioni, Paolo
Restivo, Elisa
Patrini, Maddalena
Pallavicini, Piersandro
Visai, Livia
author_facet Okkeh, Mohammad
De Vita, Lorenzo
Bruni, Giovanna
Doveri, Lavinia
Minzioni, Paolo
Restivo, Elisa
Patrini, Maddalena
Pallavicini, Piersandro
Visai, Livia
author_sort Okkeh, Mohammad
collection PubMed
description Staphylococci are among the most frequent bacteria known to cause biofilm-related infections. Pathogenic biofilms represent a global healthcare challenge due to their high tolerance to antimicrobials. In this study, water soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold nanospheres (28 ppm) and nanostars (15 ppm) with electrostatically adsorbed photosensitizer (PS) Toluidine Blue O (TBO) ∼4 μM were successfully synthesized and characterized as PEG-GNPs@TBO and PEG-GNSs@TBO. Both nanoconjugates and the TBO 4 μM solution showed remarkable, if similar, antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) effects at 638 nm, inhibiting the formation of biofilms by two Staphylococcal strains: a clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolate and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) RP62A. Alternatively in biofilm eradication treatments, the aPDI effects of PEG-GNSs@TBO were more effective and yielded a 75% and 50% reduction in viable count of MRSA and S. epidermidis RP62A preformed biofilms, respectively and when compared with untreated samples. This reduction in viable count was even greater than that obtained through aPDI treatment using a 40 μM TBO solution. Confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of PEG-GNSs@TBO's aPDI treatments revealed significant changes in the integrity and morphology of biofilms, with fewer colony masses. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon PEG-GNSs@TBO's aPDI treatment was detected by CLSM using a specific ROS fluorescent probe, demonstrating bright fluorescence red spots across the surfaces of the treated biofilms. Our findings shine a light on the potential synergism between gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and photosensitizers in developing novel nanoplatforms to target Staphylococcal biofilm related infections.
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spelling pubmed-106586602023-11-20 Photodynamic toluidine blue-gold nanoconjugates as a novel therapeutic for Staphylococcal biofilms Okkeh, Mohammad De Vita, Lorenzo Bruni, Giovanna Doveri, Lavinia Minzioni, Paolo Restivo, Elisa Patrini, Maddalena Pallavicini, Piersandro Visai, Livia RSC Adv Chemistry Staphylococci are among the most frequent bacteria known to cause biofilm-related infections. Pathogenic biofilms represent a global healthcare challenge due to their high tolerance to antimicrobials. In this study, water soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold nanospheres (28 ppm) and nanostars (15 ppm) with electrostatically adsorbed photosensitizer (PS) Toluidine Blue O (TBO) ∼4 μM were successfully synthesized and characterized as PEG-GNPs@TBO and PEG-GNSs@TBO. Both nanoconjugates and the TBO 4 μM solution showed remarkable, if similar, antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) effects at 638 nm, inhibiting the formation of biofilms by two Staphylococcal strains: a clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolate and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) RP62A. Alternatively in biofilm eradication treatments, the aPDI effects of PEG-GNSs@TBO were more effective and yielded a 75% and 50% reduction in viable count of MRSA and S. epidermidis RP62A preformed biofilms, respectively and when compared with untreated samples. This reduction in viable count was even greater than that obtained through aPDI treatment using a 40 μM TBO solution. Confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of PEG-GNSs@TBO's aPDI treatments revealed significant changes in the integrity and morphology of biofilms, with fewer colony masses. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon PEG-GNSs@TBO's aPDI treatment was detected by CLSM using a specific ROS fluorescent probe, demonstrating bright fluorescence red spots across the surfaces of the treated biofilms. Our findings shine a light on the potential synergism between gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and photosensitizers in developing novel nanoplatforms to target Staphylococcal biofilm related infections. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023-11-20 /pmc/articles/PMC10658660/ /pubmed/38019993 http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra04398c Text en This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
spellingShingle Chemistry
Okkeh, Mohammad
De Vita, Lorenzo
Bruni, Giovanna
Doveri, Lavinia
Minzioni, Paolo
Restivo, Elisa
Patrini, Maddalena
Pallavicini, Piersandro
Visai, Livia
Photodynamic toluidine blue-gold nanoconjugates as a novel therapeutic for Staphylococcal biofilms
title Photodynamic toluidine blue-gold nanoconjugates as a novel therapeutic for Staphylococcal biofilms
title_full Photodynamic toluidine blue-gold nanoconjugates as a novel therapeutic for Staphylococcal biofilms
title_fullStr Photodynamic toluidine blue-gold nanoconjugates as a novel therapeutic for Staphylococcal biofilms
title_full_unstemmed Photodynamic toluidine blue-gold nanoconjugates as a novel therapeutic for Staphylococcal biofilms
title_short Photodynamic toluidine blue-gold nanoconjugates as a novel therapeutic for Staphylococcal biofilms
title_sort photodynamic toluidine blue-gold nanoconjugates as a novel therapeutic for staphylococcal biofilms
topic Chemistry
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10658660/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38019993
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra04398c
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