Reduced reciprocal inhibition during clinical tests of spasticity is associated with impaired reactive standing balance control in children with cerebral palsy

BACKGROUND: Joint hyper-resistance is a common symptom in cerebral palsy (CP). It is assessed by rotating the joint of a relaxed patient. Joint rotations also occur when perturbing functional movements. Therefore, joint hyper-resistance might contribute to reactive balance impairments in CP. AIM: To investigate relationships between altered muscle responses to isolated joint rotations and perturbations of standing balance in children with CP. METHODS & PROCEDURES: 20 children with CP participated in the study. During an instrumented spasticity assessment, the ankle was rotated as fast as possible from maximal plantarflexion towards maximal dorsiflexion. Standing balance was perturbed by backward support-surface translations and toe-up support-surface rotations. Gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis anterior electromyography was measured. We quantified reduced reciprocal inhibition by plantarflexor-dorsiflexor co-activation and the neural response to stretch by average muscle activity. We evaluated the relation between muscle responses to ankle rotation and balance perturbations using linear mixed models. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Co-activation during isolated joint rotations and perturbations of standing balance was correlated across all levels. The neural response to stretch during isolated joint rotations and balance perturbations was not correlated. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: Reduced reciprocal inhibition during isolated joint rotations might be a predictor of altered reactive balance control strategies.