The shift to 3D growth during embryogenesis of kelp species, atlas of cell division and differentiation of Saccharina latissima

In most organisms, 3D growth takes place at the onset of embryogenesis. In some brown algae, 3D growth occurs later in development, when the organism consists of several hundred cells. We studied the cellular events that take place when 3D growth is established in the embryo of the brown alga Saccharina, a kelp species. Semi-thin sections, taken from where growth shifts from 2D to 3D, show that 3D growth first initiates from symmetrical cell division in the monolayered lamina, and then is enhanced through a series of asymmetrical cell divisions in a peripheral monolayer of cells called the meristoderm. Then, daughter cells rapidly differentiate into cortical and medullary cells, characterised by their position, size and shape. In essence, 3D growth in kelps is based on a series of differentiation steps that occur rapidly after the initiation of a bilayered lamina, followed by further growth of the established differentiated tissues. Our study depicts the cellular landscape necessary to study cell-fate programming in the context of a novel mode of 3D growth in an organism phylogenetically distant from plants and animals.