Balloon pulmonary angioplasty in the current era of CTEPH treatment: How did we get here?

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is caused by persistent organized thromboembolic obstruction of the pulmonary arteries from incompletely resolved pulmonary embolism. The treatment of choice is pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) surgery and all patients should be evaluated for operability candidacy. Despite advancements in PTE technique allowing more segmental–subsegmental surgeries, up to a third of patients with CTEPH may still be considered inoperable. Over the past decade, there have been increasing treatment options for these inoperable CTEPH patients. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) is a percutaneous‐based interventional treatment option for select CTEPH cases. Early BPA experiences were plagued by high complication rates, but further refinements in technique and equipment pioneered by Japan led to the worldwide spread and adoption of BPA. Multiple centers have shown that patients experience significant improvements in hemodynamics, quality of life, exercise capacity, and survival with BPA treatment. There remain many questions on best practices, but BPA has evolved into a pivotal cornerstone of CTEPH treatment.