The ongoing challenge of ventilator-associated pneumonia: epidemiology, prevention, and risk factors for mortality in a secondary care hospital intensive care unit

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among intensive care unit infections. Despite various preventive measures, the incidence of VAP remains high. AIMS: This study aimed to explore the epidemiology and risk factors for VAP associated mortality in a secondary care hospital, comparing outcomes before and after implementing a VAP prevention bundle. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted from July 1, 2021, to June 30, 2023, at a secondary care hospital. Patients over 18 years old who underwent mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours were included. The study compared the incidence, microbiological etiology, and outcomes of VAP before and after implementing the VAP prevention bundle and analyzed risk factors for mortality from VAP. RESULTS: A total of 83 patients diagnosed with VAP were included. Despite concerted efforts to implement the VAP prevention bundle, there was no significant decrease in the VAP rate per 1000 ventilator days, early-onset VAP, secondary bloodstream infections, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and 30-day mortality. The microbiological etiology of VAP remained consistent between the two periods. A decrease in lymphocyte count and albumin level were identified as independent risk factors for 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Concerted efforts to implement a VAP prevention bundle did not significantly reduce the incidence or improve outcomes of VAP in this secondary care hospital setting. The microbiological etiology remained unchanged. Monitoring lymphocyte count and albumin level may help identify patients at high mortality risk. Further research is needed to develop more effective VAP prevention and management strategies.