Building the resilience of smallholder farmers to climate variability: Using climate-smart agriculture in Bono East Region, Ghana

The concept of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) emerges from a requirement to come up with advanced solutions towards the intricate and combined objectives of enhancing crop yields, ameliorating resilience, and encouraging a low-emissions agricultural sector. This study examines how smallholder farmers are building their resilience to climate variability using CSA practices in the Bono East Region, Ghana. Specifically, the study sought to: (i) assess the trends of temperature and rainfall for the period 2011 to 2021; (ii) identify and rank CSA practices used by the smallholder farmers for resilience building in agricultural systems; and; (iii) determine the barriers militating against smallholder farmers' implementation of the prioritized CSA practices. Standardized rainfall and temperature anomalies integrated with Sen's slope were used to determine the temperature and rainfall trends. One hundred and fifty random household surveys in five selected communities (Benkai, Fiaso, Traa, Awurano, and Bomini) accompanied by five key informant interviews were used to collect field data. The CSA practices identified by the farmers and the barriers opposing the implementation of these practices were ranked using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and Weighted Average Index (WAI) respectively. Results showed that rainfall was inconsistent and temperature rose from 2011 to 2021 in the study area. Results also revealed that the key CSA practices implemented by the farmers were appropriate fertilizer application (RII = 0.758), mixed farming (RII = 0.735), and crop diversification (RII = 0.717). However, in the implementation of these CSA practices, the farmers were confronted with key barriers including increased occurrences of diseases and pests (WAI = 1.173), restricted access to agricultural technologies (WAI = 1.100), and excessive price of improved crop varieties (WAI = 1.067). The study concludes that the resilience of smallholder farmers in Ghana can be built through the effective implementation of the aforementioned CSA practices.