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Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation
BACKGROUND: Malaria remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. To prevent malaria in children living in moderate-to-high malaria transmission areas, the World Health Organization has recommended perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC). Prior to pilo...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10664264/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37990324 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-023-04793-y |
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author | Arikawa, Shino Tchankoni, Martin Kouame Gbeasor-Komlanvi, Fifonsi A. Atekpe, Somiabalo P. Atcha-Oubou, Tinah Figueroa-Romero, Antía Fombah, Augustin E. Saute, Francisco Samai, Mohamed Menendez, Clara Gonzalez, Raquel Briand, Valérie Ekouevi, Didier K. |
author_facet | Arikawa, Shino Tchankoni, Martin Kouame Gbeasor-Komlanvi, Fifonsi A. Atekpe, Somiabalo P. Atcha-Oubou, Tinah Figueroa-Romero, Antía Fombah, Augustin E. Saute, Francisco Samai, Mohamed Menendez, Clara Gonzalez, Raquel Briand, Valérie Ekouevi, Didier K. |
author_sort | Arikawa, Shino |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Malaria remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. To prevent malaria in children living in moderate-to-high malaria transmission areas, the World Health Organization has recommended perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC). Prior to piloting PMC implementation in southern Togo, a household survey was conducted to estimate malaria infection prevalence in children under 2 years of age (U2). METHODS: A cross-sectional community-based household survey was conducted in the Haho district in the Togo Plateaux region. A three-stage random sampling method was used to select study participants aged 10–23 months whose caretakers gave informed consent. The prevalence of Plasmodium infection, defined as a positive rapid diagnostic test (RDT), was estimated with 95% confidence interval (CI). Clinical malaria was defined as having a positive RDT plus fever (≥ 37.5 °C) or history of fever in the last 24 h. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to assess the child’s, caretaker’s, and household’s factors associated with malaria infection. RESULTS: A total of 685 children were included in the survey conducted January–February in 2022 (dry season). Median age was 17 months (interquartile range: 13–21). About 80% of the children slept under a bed net the night before the interview. Malaria infection prevalence was 32.1% (95% CI 27.7–37.0) with significant area variation (cluster range: 0.0–73.3). Prevalence of clinical malaria was 15.4% (95% CI 12.2–19.2). Children whose caretakers were animist (aOR: 1.71, 95% CI 1.19–2.46) and those living in mother-headed households (aOR: 2.39, 95% CI 1.43–3.99) were more likely to have a positive RDT. Living more than 5 km away from the nearest health facility (aOR: 1.60, 95% CI 1.04–2.44) and presence of two or more under-5-years children in the household (aOR: 1.44, 95% CI 1.01–2.07) were also associated with increased risk of infection. CONCLUSION: One-third of the children U2 who participated in this survey had malaria infection, thus PMC could be a promising strategy to reduce malaria burden in young children in Plateaux region. Reinforcement of outreach services and targeting the poorest households should be prioritized to reduce the inequity in malaria prevention in children exposed to the infection. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10664264 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-106642642023-11-21 Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation Arikawa, Shino Tchankoni, Martin Kouame Gbeasor-Komlanvi, Fifonsi A. Atekpe, Somiabalo P. Atcha-Oubou, Tinah Figueroa-Romero, Antía Fombah, Augustin E. Saute, Francisco Samai, Mohamed Menendez, Clara Gonzalez, Raquel Briand, Valérie Ekouevi, Didier K. Malar J Research BACKGROUND: Malaria remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. To prevent malaria in children living in moderate-to-high malaria transmission areas, the World Health Organization has recommended perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC). Prior to piloting PMC implementation in southern Togo, a household survey was conducted to estimate malaria infection prevalence in children under 2 years of age (U2). METHODS: A cross-sectional community-based household survey was conducted in the Haho district in the Togo Plateaux region. A three-stage random sampling method was used to select study participants aged 10–23 months whose caretakers gave informed consent. The prevalence of Plasmodium infection, defined as a positive rapid diagnostic test (RDT), was estimated with 95% confidence interval (CI). Clinical malaria was defined as having a positive RDT plus fever (≥ 37.5 °C) or history of fever in the last 24 h. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to assess the child’s, caretaker’s, and household’s factors associated with malaria infection. RESULTS: A total of 685 children were included in the survey conducted January–February in 2022 (dry season). Median age was 17 months (interquartile range: 13–21). About 80% of the children slept under a bed net the night before the interview. Malaria infection prevalence was 32.1% (95% CI 27.7–37.0) with significant area variation (cluster range: 0.0–73.3). Prevalence of clinical malaria was 15.4% (95% CI 12.2–19.2). Children whose caretakers were animist (aOR: 1.71, 95% CI 1.19–2.46) and those living in mother-headed households (aOR: 2.39, 95% CI 1.43–3.99) were more likely to have a positive RDT. Living more than 5 km away from the nearest health facility (aOR: 1.60, 95% CI 1.04–2.44) and presence of two or more under-5-years children in the household (aOR: 1.44, 95% CI 1.01–2.07) were also associated with increased risk of infection. CONCLUSION: One-third of the children U2 who participated in this survey had malaria infection, thus PMC could be a promising strategy to reduce malaria burden in young children in Plateaux region. Reinforcement of outreach services and targeting the poorest households should be prioritized to reduce the inequity in malaria prevention in children exposed to the infection. BioMed Central 2023-11-21 /pmc/articles/PMC10664264/ /pubmed/37990324 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-023-04793-y Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Arikawa, Shino Tchankoni, Martin Kouame Gbeasor-Komlanvi, Fifonsi A. Atekpe, Somiabalo P. Atcha-Oubou, Tinah Figueroa-Romero, Antía Fombah, Augustin E. Saute, Francisco Samai, Mohamed Menendez, Clara Gonzalez, Raquel Briand, Valérie Ekouevi, Didier K. Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation |
title | Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation |
title_full | Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation |
title_fullStr | Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation |
title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation |
title_short | Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern Togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation |
title_sort | prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under two years of age in southern togo prior to perennial malaria chemoprevention implementation |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10664264/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37990324 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-023-04793-y |
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