Metabolomic and microbiome analysis of the protective effects of Puerarin against Salmonella Enteritidis Infection in chicks

BACKGROUND: Salmonella Enteritidis is a zoonotic pathogen and poses a substantial risk to human health, as well as significant financial losses to the livestock and poultry industries. It is currently urgent to identify alternatives to antibiotic treatment. RESULTS: In this study, we explored the influence of Puerarin on the immunological response, intestinal flora, serum metabolome, and growth performance of chicks infected with Salmonella Enteritidis. Chicks were weighed at specific time points and the average daily gain (ADG) was calculated. Serum, intestinal, and cecal content samples were collected on days 10 and 17. The results showed that 100 mg/kg of Puerarin significantly suppressed inflammation and enhanced immune function. Metabolomic analysis showed significant differences in serum metabolites after Puerarin treatment and suggested that Puerarin may regulate abnormal amino acid and lipid metabolism after Salmonella Enteritidis infection through the autophagic and ABC transporter pathways. In addition, Puerarin suppressed Salmonella Enteritidis-induced intestinal flora dysbiosis through modulation of the microbial community structures (increased Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, and Subdoligranulum), as demonstrated by 16S rRNA analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, Puerarin can improve growth performance in chicks, suppress the inflammatory response in vivo, enhance immunity, and regulate lipid and amino acid metabolism and the intestinal flora.